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Aqa Separate Biology 2020 > Topics 1- 3 > Flashcards

Topics 1- 3 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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2
Q

The different parts of the cell are called?

A

Sub cellular structure

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3
Q

Most animal cells have which sub cellular structures? And what do they do?

A

Ribosomes- where proteins are made
Nucleus- contains genetic material that controls activity of cell
Cytoplasm- gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen it contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
Cell membrane- holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
Mitochondria- please away most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

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4
Q

Which sub cellular structures to plant cells have that animal cells don’t

A

A rigid cell wall made of Celulose it supports the cell and strengthens it a permanent vacuole contains cell sap a weak solution of sugar and salts chloroplasts these are where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant they contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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5
Q

Which sub cellular Structures do bacteria contain

A

They don’t have chloroplasts or mitochondria they have cytoplasm and a cell membrane a cell wall and instead of a nucleus they have a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm they may also contain one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

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6
Q

Which microscope has a higher magnification

A

An electron microscope

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7
Q

What is resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points so a higher resolution gives a sharp image

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8
Q

What is the formula for magnification

A

Magnification equals image size over real size

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9
Q

A specimen is 50 µm metres wide calculate the wits of the image of the specimen under magnification of 100 give your answer in mm

A

100x50
5000 µm
5mm

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10
Q

How would you prepare a slide to view onion cells

A

Firstly I will drop of water to the middle of a clean slight then cut up an onion and separate it into layers. Then use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from the bottom of one of the layers using the tweezers place TF a double tissue under the water on the slide I drop of iodine solution with the stain same to you to highlight objects in itself are adding colour to them post coverslip a square of the transparent plastic oh grass on top to do this side next to the water droplet so it covers the specimen try not to get any air bubbles in there, they will obstruct your view of the specimen

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11
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job as a cell changes it develops different sub cellular structures and turns into different types of cells this allows it to carry out specific functions

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12
Q

What is the difference Between differentiation and animal and plant cells

A

In most animal cells the ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage after they become specialised however lots of plants don’t lose this ability

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13
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called

A

Stem cells

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14
Q

What adaptions and sub cellular structures to sperm cells have and why

A

The function of a sperm is basically to get the male DNA to the femaleDNA It has a long tail and a streamlined head head to help it swim to the egg there are lots of mitochondria in the cell to revise the energy needed it also carries enzymes in its head to digester the egg cell membrane

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15
Q

What are the functions and sub cellular structures of nerve cells and why

A

No cells are specialised for rapid signalling the function of nerve cells is to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another T cells along to cover more distance and have branched connections at the end is to connect to other nerve cells to form a network throughout the body

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16
Q

What are the functions and sub cellular structures in muscle cells and why

A

Muscle cells are specialised for contraction the function of muscle cell is the contract quickly do you cells along so they have space to contract I contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction

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17
Q

What are the functions and sub cellular structures of root hair cells and why

A

They are specialised for absorbing water and minerals root hair cells are cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into longhairs stick out into the soil this gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral irons from the soil

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18
Q

What are the functions and sub cellular structures of flowing and xylem cells

A

Showman the xylem cells form flown on silent tubes which transports substances such as food and water and plants define the tubes the cells along and join into and solar cells are hollow in the centre I’m dead I’m from cells have very few sub cellular structures so that the new chance can flow through them phlegm cells have safe place in between the cells where are silent cells have nothing xylem cells are strengthened with coils of lignin a protein lignin

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19
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a normal human cell

A

23

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20
Q

What are the stages of growth and DNA replication in a cell

A
  • Before device to sell has to grow in increasing amount of substantia structures such as mitochondrion ribosomes
  • it then duplicates its dna so there’s only one copy for each new cell
  • Then it is ready for mitosis the chromosomes lineup at the centre of each cell and cell fibres pull them apart the two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell. membranes form around each set of crime is owns deicer to the cells lastly the cytoplasm cell membrane divide sell the Selfridge’s two identical daughter cells did yourselves exactly the same DNA
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21
Q

What two culture mediums Can you use to grow bacteria in a lad

A

Nutrient broth solution or agar jelly

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22
Q

Order These from biggest to smallest genes cell nucleus DNA and chromosomes

A

Cell nucleus chromosomes gene DNA

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23
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A
  • Stage one the cells grow bigger and crystal maths and carry out normal cell activities most importantly they read placate the DNA to form two copies of each chromosome ready for cell division they also increase the number of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria ribosomes and chloroplasts ready for the cells to divide
  • stage to mitosis in this process one set of chromosomes is Paul to each end of the dividing cells and the nucleus divides
  • stage three this is the stage during which the cytoplasm undersell membrane is all divide to form two identical daughter cells
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24
Q

What is the stem cell

A

And undifferentiated cell with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types

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25
Where are stem cells are found in plants
In the meristem tissue in the shoe tips and root tips
26
What are the advantages of plant-closing
- Huge numbers of identical plant lines can be produced from a tiny piece of leaf tissue - offspring are identical - plant cells can become and specialised and then differentiate - cloning is easy
27
Name one medical condition that maybe helped by treatment using stem cells
Diabetes
28
Describe what therapeutic cloning
Projection and of an embryo that is genetically identical to the patient
29
Name the chemical molecules that chromosomes are made of
DNA
30
What are the advantages and disadvantages of electron and light microscopes
Electron microscope’s have high magnification and resolution and can produce 3-D images however the more expensive and require complicated preparation and storage light microscopes are cheaper and portable therefore can be used in schools however they have much lower magnification and resolution
31
What type of cells are bacteria
Prokaryotic cells
32
What adaptions do prokaryotic cells have
Genetic information not enclosed in a nucleus slime capsule cell wall cell membrane plasmids for flagella
33
What size is a prokaryotic cell
Around one micro meter
34
If the size of an image was 10 mm and the size of the real object was 0.002 mm What is the magnification
5000
35
What is the definition of diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration
36
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion
The higher the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion
37
Why does increasing the temperature affect the rate of diffusion in the way that it does
Increase Connecticut a G supplied to the particles so they move faster
38
What factors affect the rate of diffusion
Temperature surface area and concentration gradient
39
Give two examples of diffusion occurring with the body
Respiration excretion
40
What is the role of epidermis cells in plants
They protect the surfaces
41
What are the roles of palisade cells in plants
They contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
42
What is the function of spongy cells in plants
I have a large surface area for diffusion
43
What is the function of xylem cells in plants
They carry water and minerals around the plant
44
What is the function of phloem cells in plants
The carriages of food around the plant
45
What is the definition of osmosis
Diffusion of water from a dilutes solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
46
Explain how the root hair cell uses active transport to take up the ions
Transport proteins in the cell membranes take up the magnesium into the cell
47
What is the definition of hypertonic
A solution that is more concentrated in the cell solution
48
What is the definition of hypotonic
A solution that is less concentrated than yourself solution
49
What is the definition of plasmolysis
The state of plant cells where so much water is lost from the sell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and sell membrane Paul is away from the cell wall
50
Explain one animal cell is placed in pure water will burst
The cell will continue to expand due to osmosis and eventually the cell membrane won’t be able to support it
51
Describe the effects on plant cells if too much water enters the cell
It won’t burst as the cell wall is rigid
52
Name the adaptions of single celled organisms for exchange
They have a large volume to surface area ratio
53
Name adaptions of larger multicellular organisms for exchange
``` -They need transport systems and exchange surfaces. for example: -small in testing in mammals -lungs in mammals -kills in fish -roots and leaves implants ```
54
What is the function of a chloroplast
They found in the green parts of the plant the green because they contain chlorophyll chlorophyll absorbs light so the plants can make food by photosynthesis
55
Cell wall function
Made of cellulose and supports plant
56
Vacuole function
A place in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap this is important for keeping the cell rigid to support the plant
57
Cytoplasm function
A liquid gel in which the organelles are suspended and where most chemical reactions take place
58
Nucleus function
Controls all activities of the cell is surrounded by a membrane contains DNA
59
Mitochondrial function
aerobic respiration takes place here and is located in the cytoplasm
60
Ribosomes function
Protein synthesis takes place here it makes proteins for the cell
61
Cell membrane function
Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral irons into the cell it also controls the movement of substances such as Syria or hormones out of the cell
62
What is the function of the digestive organ system and what are the main organs involved
It mechanically and chemically breaks down food materials absorbs nutrients and it spells waist the organs involved are the stomach small in testing large in testing liver and pancreas
63
Circulatory organ system function and main organs
Pumps blood to distribute hormones nutrients and gases and removes waste organs involved are hot blood and blood vessels
64
Respire tree organ system function on main organs
Responsible for the exchange of gases between the body between blood and lungs
65
Novus organ system function and main organs
Regulatory sort system that controls body movement consciousness intelligence and memory organs involved our brain spinal-cord and nerves
66
Endocrine organ system function on main organs
Secretes hormones which regulate body and cellular growth chemical levels in the body and three reproductive functions organs involved are Pituitary gland thyroid glands and adrenal glands
67
Reproductive organ system function and main organs
Produces sex cells and hormones also allows fertilisation between gametes to produce offspring organs involved are ovaries testes uterus fallopian tube’s gametes and sperm tube
68
Excretory organs system function and main organs
Filters the blood and remove waste from it concentrates waste into you read and expels you’re in from body kidneys bladder Fruit is the blood and Rubys waste from it concentrates waste into you read and expels you’re in from body kidneys bladder urethra
69
Define what is meant to buy tissue
A group of specialised cells with similar structure and function
70
State two examples of tissues and explain the function
E.g. Glandula tissue secretory cells that can produce and release substances must go to China food and I just use juices out of the stomach
71
Out of carbs lipids and proteins which food molecules contain carbon
Carbs lipids and proteins all contain carbon
72
I have carbs lipids and proteins which molecules contain hydrogen
All of these contain hydrogen
73
House of Cards lipids and proteins which contain oxygen
They all contain oxygen
74
House of Cards lipids and proteins which contain nitrogen
Only proteins contain nitrogen proteins are nitrogenous compounds
75
What are the repeating molecules in carbs
Glucose
76
What is repeating molecules in lipids
Glycerol and fatty acid’s
77
In proteins what is the repeated molecule
Amino acid’s
78
Name three sources of carbs
Potatoes fruit pasta or any that apply
79
What are three examples of sources of lipids
Fish nuts and milk
80
What is the presence test for glucose
Benedicks and heat the colour of the reagent is blue and the expected result is brick red or orange preticipitate
81
What is the Presence test for starch
Iodine the colour of the reagent is brown orange and the expected result is inky blue or black
82
What is the present test for protein
Biuret colour of the reagent is blue and the expected result is a lilac colour
83
What is the present chest for lipid’s’s’s’s’s’s
Ethanol and water the colour of the reagent is clear and colourless and the expected result is cloudy white emulsion
84
What are the six food
Carbs lipids fibre water proteins vitamins and minerals
85
What are the roles of the food groups
- Carbs provide glucose for respiration - lipids makes cell membranes and produce hormones - proteins are used for growth and repair and make up enzymes
86
What is a protein molecule made up of
Many different amino acid’s
87
What is a carbohydrate molecule made up of
Many glucose molecules
88
What is a fat molecule made up of
Any fatty acid and glycerol molecule is
89
What enzyme breaks down protein molecules
Protease
90
What enzyme breaks down carbohydrate molecules
Amylase
91
What enzyme breaks down fat molecules
Lipase
92
Enzymes are catalysts which means what
They speed up biological reactions
93
Fill in the blanks | acids and alkalis affect the —— that hold together enzyme molecules this causes a change in the shape of the ——
Bonds molecules
94
If the active site changes shape what will happen
The substrate will no longer fit into it and cannot react
95
What happens at extremes of pH
The enzyme becomes denatured this means that the active site changes shape becomes distorted and substrate will no longer fit into it so the reaction cannot take place
96
Where is bile made
In the liver
97
Where is bile stored
In the gallbladder
98
What does bile do
Create the optimum pH for small in testine enzymes to work
99
What does bile do to fats
It’s emulsifies fats and give them a larger surface area for the lipase to act on
100
What acid is in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid
101
What does the hydrochloric acid in the stomach to
It creates acidic conditions for the protease enzymes to work and it kills bacteria that is on what you eat it also helps you denatured proteins
102
What does saliva do and where is it produced
Saliva is produced in the saliva glands and it contains amylase which helps break down starch into glucose

Aqa Separate Biology 2020 (3 decks)

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