TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING

Question 1

Introduction:

This can be defined as the shape, configuration, roughness or three-dimensional quality of Earth’s surface.

Answer 1

Topography

Question 2

Introduction:

These are made to show this information, together with the location of artificial and natural features of the Earth, including buildings, highways, streams, lakes, forests and so on.

Answer 2

Topographic maps

Question 3

A _____________ topographic map provides much definite and exact information which can be used as a basis for various purposes.

Answer 3

detailed

Question 4

It is the variations in the elevation of the ground surface, also features of height above a plain or reference datum.

-from google

Answer 4

Relief

Question 5

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

As a method, these provide definite and precise information regarding elevation.

Answer 5

Spot Heights or Spot Elevations

Question 6

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

Spot Heights are heights of places surveyed and they denote the actual height above mean sea level. They are shown in maps as dots with their respective values written beside it.

True or False?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

As a method, these are series of short lines drawn in the direction of the slope.

Answer 7

Hachures

Question 8

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

Under hachures, for steep slope, the lines are _______ and _____ spaced; and for gentle slope, they are _____ and ______ spaced.

Answer 8

heavy, closely, fine, widely

Question 9

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

Hachures only give a general impression of the configuration of the ground, but they do not provide numerical values such as the actual elevations of the ground surface.

True or False?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

As a method, these are drawn when not enough vertical control is available or when the surface is too irregular or intricate contour.

Answer 10

Form Lines

Question 11

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

Form Lines are not usually represented as dashed lines and do not portray any actual elevations.

True or false?

Answer 11

False,

Form Lines are usually represented as dashed lines and do not portray any actual elevations.

Question 12

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

Form Lines is a method in representing relief that are only used to show the shapes of terrain rather than relief.

True or false?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

This method is the most widely used method of quantitatively representing hills, mountains, depressions, and ground surface undulations on a two-dimensional sheet of paper.

Answer 13

Contour Lines or Isohypses

Question 14

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

These are shown on maps as the traces of level surfaces of different elevations.

Answer 14

Contours

Question 15

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

A topographic map containing contour lines shows not only the elevations of points on the ground, but also the shape of the various topographic features.

True or false?

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

This method is common use for aerial navigation charts and on small scale maps of the world.

Answer 16

Layer Tinting System

Question 17

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

In Layer Tinting System, a scale of graded color tints or a system of different colors is used to show different zones of elevations.

True or false?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

Color tints when used in conjunction with contour lines does not give pictorial effect by accentuating the areas of different elevations.

True or false?

Answer 18

False,

Color tints when used in conjunction with contour lines give pictorial effect by accentuating the areas of different elevations.

Question 19

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

This method is an old method use to show relative elevations on maps.

Answer 19

Shading

Question 20

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

(1) Shading is independent upon shadow cast by the elevated portions of the land.

True or false?

(2) Shading is accomplished by correct placement on the map of different shades of gray tints.

True or false?

Answer 20

(1) False,

Shading is dependent upon shadow cast by the elevated portions of the land.

(2) True

Question 21

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

As a method, these provide the most striking and realistic expression of topography.

Answer 21

Relief or Terrain Models

Question 22

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

The _______ is a representation of the terrain done in 3-D to suitable horizontal and vertical scales.

Answer 22

model

Question 23

Different Methods in Representing Relief:

The model is in fact a miniature of the terrain it represents.

True or false?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Contour:

_________ is universal method to show the relief.

Answer 24

Contour

Question 25

Contour: The unit of measurement of contour is generally ________ (above or below?) the mean sea level.

Answer 25

metres, above

Question 26

Contour: Contour has a disadvantage that it does not hide the other features drawn on the toposheet. True or False?

Answer 26

False, Contour has an advantage that it does not hide the other features drawn on the toposheet.

Question 27

Contour: Contours are drawn at _________ intervals in _______ colour. Generally 20m interval is followed in 1:50,000 and 50m interval in 1:250,000 toposheet.

Answer 27

regular, brown

Question 28

Contour: Every ________ contour is a dark line to enhance map reading.

Answer 28

fifth

Question 29

Contour: The value of contour is printed by not breaking the contour line and also not given at the edge of the toposheet. True or False?

Answer 29

False, The value of contour is printed by breaking the contour line and also given at the edge of the toposheet.

Question 30

Contour: Generally contours never cut or cross each other. But, in case of water fall and cliffs, contours almost touch a same point or a line. In overhanging cliff, the contours cut each other. True or False?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Contour: It is an exact point on a map with an elevation recorded beside it that represents its height above a given datum.

Answer 31

Spot height

Question 32

Contour: It is the difference between the succeeding and preceeding contour values.

Answer 32

Contour Interval

Question 33

Contour: On a contour map, __________ is a low circle-shaped hill on the end of the spur

Answer 33

Knoll

Question 34

Contour: On a contour map, ________ is where contours form a U or V shape pointing away from higher land.

Answer 34

Spur

Question 35

Contour: On a contour map, _____________ is the sudden drop in height at edge of plateau.

Answer 35

Escarpment

Question 36

Contour: On a contour map, ________ is when contours are on top or almost on top of each other.

Answer 36

Cliff

Question 37

Contour: On a contour map, ________ is called when contours on both sides of a narrow valley are very steep.

Answer 37

Gorge

Question 38

Contour: On a contour map, _______ is where contours form a V or U shape pointing to higher ground.

Answer 38

Valley

Question 39

Contour: On a contour map, __________ flows downhill and contours point to higher ground.

Answer 39

River

Question 40

Contour: On a contour map, _________ is a lower area between two areas of higher land.

Answer 40

Saddle

Question 41

Contour: On a contour map, _________ _______ is where contours are in a circle or oval shape.

Answer 41

Round Hill

Question 42

Contour: On a contour map, __________ is a large, generally a level, elevated area.

Answer 42

Plateau

Question 43

Contour: On a contour map, in _______ slope, contour lines are close together.

Answer 43

Steep

Question 44

Contour: On a contour map, in _______ slope, contour lines are evenly/widely spaced, well spaced.

Answer 44

Gentle

Question 45

Contour: On a contour map, ______ ______ is when contours are very widely spaced.

Answer 45

Flat Land

Question 46

Contour: It is the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines.

Answer 46

Contour interval

Question 47

Contour: A line connecting points of equal elevation. It may be marked with its elevation in feet above sea level.

Answer 47

Contour line

Question 48

Contour: The vertical distance of a point above a reference plane. On a topographic map, the plane is usually mean sea level.

Answer 48

Elevation

Question 49

Contour: The distance in elevation between the top of an object (a hill, tower, etc.) and its base.

Answer 49

Height

Question 50

Contour: The difference in elevation between the highest point and the lowest in an area, or as shown on a topographic map.

Answer 50

Relief

Question 51

Contour: A map showing the shape of the land surface. Commonly it also depicts forests, grasslands, and cultural features like communities, highways, and railroads.

Answer 51

Topographic map

Question 52

Contour: The set of physical features - mountains, hills, valleys, and other landforms- that characterizes a landscape.

Answer 52

Topography

Question 53

Major/Minor Terrain Features: It is a point or small area of high ground.

Answer 53

Hill

Question 54

Major/Minor Terrain Features: When you are on a hilltop, the ground slopes down in all directions. True or False?

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Major/Minor Terrain Features: It is a line of high ground with height variations along its crest.

Answer 55

Ridge

Question 56

Major/Minor Terrain Features: The ridge is not simply a line of hills; all points of the ridge crest are higher than the ground on both sides of the ridge. True or False?

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Major/Minor Terrain Features: It is reasonably level ground bordered on the sides by higher ground.

Answer 57

Valley

Question 58

Major/Minor Terrain Features: A valley may or may not contain a stream course. True or False?

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Major/Minor Terrain Features: A valley generally has maneuver room within its confines. True or False?

Answer 59

True

Question 60

Major/Minor Terrain Features: Contour lines indicating a valley are U-shaped and tend to parallel a stream before crossing it. The course of the contour line crossing the stream always points upstream. True or False?

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Major/Minor Terrain Features: It is a dip or low point along the crest of a ridge.

Answer 61

Saddle

Question 62

Major/Minor Terrain Features: A saddle is not necessarily the lower ground between two hilltops; it may be a break along an otherwise level ridge crest. True or False?

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Major/Minor Terrain Features: It is a low point or hole in the ground, surrounded on all sides by higher ground.

Answer 63

Depression

Question 64

Major/Minor Terrain Features: It is similar to a valley, except that it normally is a less developed stream course in which there is generally no level ground and, therefore, little or no maneuver room. The ground slopes upward on each side and toward the head of the draw.

Answer 64

Draw

Question 65

Major/Minor Terrain Features: Draws are caused by flash floods and can be found on flat terrain but are more often found along the sides of ridges. Contour lines indicating a draw are shaped like a “V” with the point of the “V” toward the head of the draw (high ground). True or False?

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Major/Minor Terrain Features: It is a usually short, continuously sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge.

Answer 66

Spur

Question 67

Major/Minor Terrain Features: A spur is often formed by two thoroughly parallel streams cutting draws down the side of a ridge True or False?

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Major/Minor Terrain Features: It is a vertical or near-vertical slope. It may be shown on a map by contour lines being close together, touching, or by a ticked “carrying” contour line. The ticks always point toward lower ground.

Answer 68

Cliff

Question 69

Five Different Types of Contours: It is where a contour is shown by heavier line at regular intervals on a topographic maps. They are usually drawn every 5th contour and carry the contour number or elevation designation.

Answer 69

Index Contours

Question 70

Five Different Types of Contours: ____________ is where the four lighter weight contours found between the index contour. In a certain portion of the map where the intermediate contours are so closely spaced as they nearly unite or merge into a single line, it is standard practice for readability not to portray the line for short distances. This technique is called ____________.

Answer 70

Intermediate Contours, feathering

Question 71

Five Different Types of Contours: These are drawn to show low spots as excavations around which contour close.

Answer 71

Depression Contours

Question 72

Five Different Types of Contours: They are drawn as dashed lines or lines that begin and end when they approach the areas where the regular contours close in on each other. Certain portions of the map area sometimes are so flat or level that the contours are too far apart to show properly important breaks in the terrain.

Answer 72

Supplementary/ Auxillary Contours

Question 73

Five Different Types of Contours: In some instance, contour accuracy cannot be definitely determined. The area may be inaccessible on the ground or it may be difficult to interpret contours from aerial photographs when heavy cloud or shadow occurs to portray reasonable idea o relative elevations, the map markers has to make an educated guess rather than have a blank area in the map.

Answer 73

Approximate Contours

Question 74

Contour Characteristics: Every point on the same contour line has a different elevation. True or False?

Answer 74

False, Every point on the same contour line has the same elevation.

Question 75

Contour Characteristics: Every contour closes on itself, either within or beyond the limits of the map. True or False?

Answer 75

True

Question 76

Contour Characteristics: A contour which closes within the limits of the map indicates a _______ or a depression. Contours which increase in elevation represent _____; those which decrease in elevation portray ________ or excavations.

Answer 76

summit, hills, valleys

Question 77

Contour Characteristics: Contours on the ground cannot cross one another except where an overhanging cliff, a vertical ledge or wall is represented on the map. True or False?

Answer 77

True

Question 78

Contour Characteristics: Contours are spaced evenly on a uniform slope. True or False?

Answer 78

True

Question 79

Contour Characteristics: Contours are straight and parallel to each other on a plane surface. True or False?

Answer 79

True

Question 80

Contour Characteristics: Irregular contours does not signify rough, rugged terrain. True or False?

Answer 80

False, Irregular contours signify rough, rugged terrain.

Question 81

Contour Characteristics: The horizontal distance between adjacent contours indicates the steepness of the slope of the ground. Where the contours are relatively close together, the slope is comparatively steep; where the contours are far apart, the slope is gentle. True or False?

Answer 81

True

Question 82

Contour Characteristics: Contours cross curbs and crowned sloping streets in typical U-shaped curves. True or False?

Answer 82

True

Question 83

Contour Characteristics: In valleys, contour lines form a V pattern when crossing streams. The apex of the V always points upstream (uphill). True or False?

Answer 83

True

Question 84

Contour Selection of Contour Interval (factors to consider): The time and expense of field and office work is given important consideration. The (smaller or larger) the interval, the (greater or lesser) is the amount of field work, reduction, and plotting required in the preparation of the map. The cost of the map will be higher as the contour interval is reduced.

Answer 84

Relative Cost smaller, greater

Question 85

Contour Selection of Contour Interval (factors to consider): Close contouring will be required when the map is to be utilized for the detailed design of engineering construction or for the measurement of earthwork quantities. A (wider or steeper) interval will be required for surveys of reservoirs, drainage areas, and lines of communication.

Answer 85

Purpose of the map wider

Question 86

Contour Selection of Contour Interval (factors to consider): Determine the factor to consider. Rugged terrain will require a (larger or smaller) interval than gentle and rolling country. To portray adequately flat ground a relatively small interval must be specified.

Answer 86

Nature of the terrain larger

Question 87

Contour Selection of Contour Interval (factors to consider): The contour interval should be in inverse ratio of the scale of the map. If the map is reduced, the interval must be (increased or decreased); otherwise line are crowded, confuse the map user, and may possibly obscure some important map details.

Answer 87

Scale of the map increased

Question 88

Contour Selection of Contour Interval: In the design of topographic maps, the contour interval is commonly fixed at multiples of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 meters. True or False?

Answer 88

True

Question 89

Contour Selection of Contour Interval: For general types of terrain, the contour interval used maybe as follows: Flat to gently rolling: ________ m Hilly: ________ m Mountainous: ________ m

Answer 89

Flat to gently rolling: 1 to 5 meters Hilly: 5 to 20 meters Mountainous: 25 to 100 meters

Question 90

It is a representation of the earth’s surface and most of its features such as roads, buildings, vegetation, etc. To identify these features on a map, they are represented by symbols and colors.

Answer 90

Map

Question 91

A cross-sectional view along a line drawn through a portion of a topographic map. One can think of a profile as a slice through a portion of the terrain (as you were slicing a cake and looking at the vertical face the slice).

Answer 91

Profile

Question 92

Curves: It is a single arc of a circle, which is tangential to both the straight lines of the route

Answer 92

Simple curve

Question 93

Curves: It consists of two or more consecutive simple curves having different radius but have common tangent.

Answer 93

Compound curve

Question 94

Curves: It is formed by two circular simple curves having a common tangent but lies on opposite sides.

Answer 94

Reverse curve

Question 95

Curves: It lies between the PT of the preceding curve and the PC of the next curve.

Answer 95

Intermediate tangent