Topography of the brain - physiology

Question 1

4 topographical land marks of the brain

Answer 1

Brainstem Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

All CNs( cranial nerves) emerge from the brainstem apart form which 2

Answer 2

CN I & II

Question 3

Medulla is divided in 2 regions: + what distinguishes between the 2

Answer 3

1. open medulla
2. closed medulla

4th ventricle is surrounded by the open medulla

closed medulla is a continuation of the spinal cord hence ‘closed’

Question 4

White matter of the medulla is made up of (4)

Answer 4

1. pyramidal tract
2. medial lemniscus
3. inferior cerebellar peduncle
4. other tracts

Question 5

Grey matter of medulla made up of (4)

Answer 5

CN nucleii Inferior olivary nucleus Nuclei of reticular formation Sensory nuclei (gracile and cuneate)

Question 6

Midbrain contains what grey matter (3) -one of these is part of basal ganglia

Answer 6

Periaqueductal grey matter Nuclei of CN III & IV Substantia nigra

Question 7

White matter of pons made up of (3)

Answer 7

Middle cerebellar peduncle Medial lemniscus (sensory) Pyramidal tract (motor)

Question 8

Grey matter of pons made up of (3)

Answer 8

CN nuclei Pontine nuclei Nuclei of reticular formation

Question 9

Each hemisphere of the cerebellum consists of 3 lobes:

Answer 9

Anterior Posterior Flocculonodular

Question 10

White matter of cerebellum made up of (2)

Answer 10

Arbor vitae Cerebellar peduncles

Question 11

Surface of cerebellum has folds like brain surface called… (2)

Answer 11

sulci folia (instead of gyri)

Question 12

Grey matter of cerebellum made up of (2)

Answer 12

Cerebral cortex on the surface of it Deep nuclei

Question 13

Cerebellar hemispheres control ipsilateral or contralateral side of body

Answer 13

ipsilateral unlike cerebral hemispheres

Question 14

Cerebellum sends its processed info to the cerebral cortex via what white matter structure

Answer 14

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 15

What is the function is the cerebellum?

Answer 15

1. posture maintenance
2. fine tuning motor activity

Question 16

Diencephalon consists of what 4 things

Answer 16

1. thalamus,
2. hypothalamus (and pituitary stalk),
3. epithalamus (pineal gland),
4. subthalamus

there is no white matter in the diencephalon, all is made up of grey matter

Question 17

Diencephalon is mainly white or grey matter

Answer 17

Grey

Question 18

What component makes up most of the diencephalon and what is its function?

Answer 18

Thalamus.

Function: all sensory information are synpsis at the thalamus and than it decides which information to important and to focus on.

Question 19

The thalamus contains groups of nuclei (anterior, medial & lateral) - which one of these groups is the sensory relay station

Answer 19

Lateral group (processes sensory info entering the cerebral hemispheres)

Question 20

Hypothalamus lies above or below thalamus + what is the groove that separates it

Answer 20

• below hypothalamic
• sulcus

Question 21

What is the funtion os Hypothalamus?

Answer 21

visceral control centre and essential for homeostasis.

Question 22

Name some the homeostatic functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 22

Body temperature regulation Regulation of food intake Regulation of water balance & thirst Regulation of sleep-wake cycle Control of endocrine system

Question 23

Surface features of the medulla (5)

Answer 23

1. Anterior median fissure/groove
2. Pyramids & their decussation
3. Olives (lateral to pyramids)
4. Inferior cerebellar peduncle which connects the medulla to the cerebellum and it also where CN IX, X, XI, XII (9,10,11,12) emerge

Pons- is connected to the cerebellum by the middle cerebeller peduncle

Mid-brain - is connected by the superior cerebeller peduncle.

Question 24

Surface features of the midbrain (5)

Answer 24

Cerebral peduncle Superior cerebellar peduncle Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi CN III & IV

Question 25

Which CN is the only one to emerge from the posterior brainstem

Answer 25

CN IV

Question 26

Surface features of the pons (2)

Answer 26

Middle cerebellar peduncle CN V

Question 27

2 paired arteries supplying the brain (that give important branches)

Answer 27

1. R + L internatl carotid arteries (ICA)
2. R + L vertebral arteries

Question 28

How do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity?

How do the ICA enter the cranial cavity?

Answer 28

• Pass through foramen transversarium then enter cranial cavity through foramen magnum. the vertebral arties join and form the Basal artery.
• Through the Foramen Lacerum (carotid canal)

Question 29

ACA is a branch of

Answer 29

ICA

Question 30

ACA supplies what surface of the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 30

Medial - but not the occipital lobes

Question 31

MCA ( middle cerebral artery) supples what surface of the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 31

Lateral

Question 32

PCA supples what parts of the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 32

Posterior and inferior

Question 33

Describe the Circle of Willis? and its role?

Answer 33

1. the two vertebral arteries join together to form Basilar artery.
2. the Basilar artery branches into left and right Posterior arteries
3. The ICA branches anteriorly into L & R Anterior cerebral arteries joined together by Anterior Communicating artery.
4. The ICA also branches posteriorly into L & R Posterior communicating arteries.
5. The L & R posterior communicating arteries join the Posterior cerebral arteries of the Basal artery

Role of Circle of Willis is protection against Vaso-occlusion.

Question 34

Where does the brains venous drain into?

Answer 34

Drain into the venous sinuses between the two layers of the dura mater.

the dural venous sinuses finally join to drain into the Internal Jugula veins

Question 35

identify the two venous sinuses which lie between the 2 layers of the dura matar?

Answer 35