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Industrial-Organizational Psychology > TOS D: Team Dynamics > Flashcards

TOS D: Team Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Two or more people who INTERACT and INFLUENCE each other. Mutually accountable for achieving common goals with regard to organizational objectives.

A

Teams

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2
Q

Group of people who work in the SAME PART or DEPARTMENT of an organization. They have similar skills or roles.

A

Departmental Teams

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3
Q

Examples of Departmental Teams

A

HR, Finance, Marketing

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4
Q

Multiskilled employees with diverse compentencies to produce a common product. Make ongoing decisions and has an assembly-line type of interdependence.

A

Product/Service/Leadership Teams

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5
Q

What is a team?

A

Two or more people who INTERACT and INFLUENCE each other. Mutually accountable for achieving common goals with regard to organizational objectives.

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6
Q

What does the Product/Service/Leadership Team do?

A

Multiskilled employees with diverse compentencies to produce a common product. Make ongoing decisions and has an assembly-line type of interdependence.

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7
Q

Other term for assembly-line type of interdependence

A

Sequential Interdependence

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8
Q

Example of Product/Service/Leadership team

A

Car Manufacturing Plant
Worker A: Installment of engine ➡️ Worker B: Installs doors ➡️ Worker C: Paints the car ➡️ Worker D: Checks quality

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9
Q

They manage themselves and make their own decisions about how to do their work.

A

Self-directed Teams

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10
Q

What is a self directed team?

A

They are organized around work processes that complete an entire piece of work requiring several interdependent tasks and they have substantial autonomy over these tasks.

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11
Q

They provide expert advice suggestions or recommendations to help others make decisions

A

Advisory team

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12
Q

What does an advisory theme consist of?

A

They include committees, work councils, review panels

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13
Q

Usually motized killed temporary teams whose assignment is to solve a problem realize an opportunity or design a product or service

A

Task force (project) Teams

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14
Q

Small, special teams in a company that works independently to create new, advanced, experimental products

A

Skunkworks

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15
Q

Skunkworks

A

Located away from the organization, free of its hierarchy

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16
Q

Operates across space, time, and organizational boundaries and are linked thru information technologies to achieve organizational tasks.

A

Virtual Teams

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17
Q

What does Brooks’s law state?

A

Brooks’s law, also known as the ‘mythical manmonth’, states that adding more people to a late software project only makes it later!

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18
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Social loafing occurs when people exert less effort and usually perform at a lower level when working in teams than when working alone.

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19
Q

When is social loafing most likely to occur?

A

Social loafing is most likely to occur in large teams where individual output is difficult to identify.

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20
Q

Why do employees tend to exert less effort in teams?

A

Employees tend to put out less effort when the team produces a single output, as they aren’t as worried that their individual performance will be noticed.

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21
Q

How can social loafing be reduced?

A

Social loafing can be reduced by making each team member’s contribution more noticeable, such as by reducing team size or measuring individual performance.

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22
Q

When is social loafing less likely to occur?

A

Social loafing is less likely to occur when the task is interesting, when the team’s objective is important, or among members who value team membership.

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23
Q

What can happen if teams are not managed well?

A

If teams are not managed well, they can lead to a decline in job performance and morale.

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24
Q

Teams bound together by shared expertise and passion for a particular activity or interest. Main purpose is to share information

A

Communities of practice

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25
What kind of group are the friends you meet for lunch?
Informal Group
26
What is Social Identity Theory?
Individuals define themselves by their group affiliations.
27
What is a Social Capital?
It's the knowledge and other resources available to people from a durable network that connects them to others.
28
What are Social Networks?
Important sources of trust building, information sharing, power, influence, and employee well-being in the workplace.
29
What is pooled interdependence?
The lowest level of interdependence, where employees or work units share a common resource, such as machinery, administrative support, or a budget. ## Footnote This occurs in a team setting where each member works alone but shares raw materials or machinery to perform their independent tasks.
30
What is sequential interdependence?
A type of interdependence where the output of one person becomes the direct input for another person or unit. ## Footnote This occurs in teams organized in an assembly line.
31
What is reciprocal interdependence?
A type of interdependence where work output is exchanged back and forth among individuals, producing the highest degree of interdependence. ## Footnote People designing a new product or service typically experience this, as their design decisions affect others involved in the process.
32
How should employees with reciprocal interdependence be organized?
They should be organized into teams to facilitate coordination in their interwoven relationships.
33
What is task interdependence?
Task interdependence is the extent to which team members must share materials, information, or expertise to perform their jobs.
34
What is the popular rule regarding optimal team size?
The optimal team size is between five and seven people. ## Footnote This rule is untested.
35
What do some observers argue about team size?
Some observers argue that tasks are becoming so complex that many teams need to have more than 100 members.
36
What should teams balance in terms of size?
Teams should be large enough to provide necessary competencies and perspectives, yet small enough for efficient coordination and meaningful involvement of each member.
37
What does cooperating mean in effective teamwork?
Effective team members are willing and able to work together rather than alone, sharing resources and accommodating the needs of others.
38
What is the role of coordinating in effective teamwork?
Effective team members actively manage the team’s work to ensure it is performed efficiently and harmoniously.
39
How do effective team members communicate?
They transmit information freely, efficiently, and respectfully, while also listening actively to co-workers.
40
What does comforting involve in a team setting?
Effective team members help co-workers maintain a positive psychological state by showing empathy and providing psychological comfort.
41
What is the importance of conflict resolving in teams?
Effective team members have the skills and motivation to resolve dysfunctional disagreements among team members.
42
The most frequently mentioned characteristics or behaviors of effective team members are the 5 C's? What are they?
Cooperation, Coordination, Communication, Comforting, Conflict Resolving.
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What is one advantage of diverse teams?
Diverse teams possess better resources for tackling complex or novel problems.
46
What is a challenge faced by diverse teams?
Diversity often creates challenges to the internal functioning of the team.
47
What are 'fault lines' in diverse teams?
'Fault lines' are hypothetical dividing lines that may split a team into subgroups along gender, ethnic, professional, or other dimensions.
48
How do fault lines affect team effectiveness?
Fault lines reduce team effectiveness by reducing the motivation to communicate and coordinate with teammates on the other side of the hypothetical divisions.
49
What are included in the element of Team Process?
Team development, norms, cohesion, and trust
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What is the forming stage of team development?
The forming stage is a period of testing and orientation where members learn about each other and evaluate the benefits and costs of continued membership.
52
What behaviors are typical during the forming stage?
Members tend to be polite, defer to authority, and try to understand expectations and their fit within the team.
53
What characterizes the storming stage of team development?
The storming stage is marked by interpersonal conflict as members become proactive and compete for various team roles.
54
What occurs during the norming stage?
In the norming stage, the team develops a sense of cohesion as roles are established and a consensus forms around group objectives.
55
What defines the performing stage of team development?
In the performing stage, team members efficiently coordinate and resolve conflicts, exhibiting high cooperation and trust.
56
What happens in high-performance teams during the performing stage?
Members are highly cooperative, trust each other, are committed to group objectives, and identify with the team.
57
What is the adjourning stage?
The adjourning stage occurs when the team is about to disband, shifting focus from tasks to relationships.
58
What does developing team identity refer to?
It refers to the transition individuals make from viewing the team as something 'out there' to something that is part of themselves.
59
How does team development occur?
Team development occurs when employees shift their view of the team from 'them' to 'us.'
60
What does developing team competence include?
It includes several changes related to team learning.
61
What do team members develop in the process of developing team competence?
Team members develop habitual routines that increase work efficiency.
62
What is a key aspect of developing team identity?
Becoming familiar with the team and making it part of their social identity.
63
How do team members shape the team during development?
They shape the team to better fit their prototype of an ideal team.
64
What is a role in a team or organization?
A role is a set of behaviors that people are expected to perform because they hold certain positions in a team and organization.
65
What is team building?
Team building consists of formal activities intended to improve the development and functioning of a work team.
66
What are norms in a group?
Norms are the informal rules and shared expectations that groups establish to regulate the behavior of their members.
67
Team cohesion refers to?
The degree of attraction people feel toward the team and their motivation to remain members.
68
What are influences on team cohesion?
Member similarity, Team size, Member interaction, Somewhat difficult entry, Team success, External competition and challengers
69
What is member similarity in teams?
People with similar backgrounds and values are more comfortable with and attractive to each other.
70
How does team size affect cohesion?
Smaller teams tend to have more cohesion than larger teams because it is easier for a few people to agree on goals and coordinate work activities. However, small teams have less cohesion when they lack enough members to perform the required tasks.
71
What role does member interaction play in team cohesion?
Teams tend to have more cohesion when team members interact with each other fairly regularly.
72
How does entry difficulty affect team cohesion?
Teams tend to have more cohesion when entry to the team is restricted. The more elite the team, the more prestige it confers on its members, and the more they tend to value their membership in the unit.
73
How does a team's success influence cohesion?
Cohesion increases with the team’s level of success. Furthermore, individuals are more likely to attach their social identity to successful teams than to those with a string of failures.
74
What external factors can increase team cohesion?
Team cohesion tends to increase when members face external competition or a valued objective that is challenging. This might include a threat from an external competitor or friendly competition from other teams.
75
This the positive expectations one person has toward another person in situations involving risk.
Trust
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What is calculus-based trust?
Calculus-based trust represents a logical calculation that other team members will act appropriately because they face sanctions if their actions violate reasonable expectations. It offers the lowest potential trust and is easily broken by a violation of expectations. ## Footnote Generally, calculus-based trust alone cannot sustain a team’s relationship, because it relies on deterrence.
78
What is knowledge-based trust?
Knowledge-based trust is based on the predictability of another team member’s behavior. Even if we don’t agree with a particular team member’s action, his or her consistency generates some level of trust.
79
What is identification-based trust?
Identification-based trust is based on mutual understanding and an emotional bond among team members. It occurs when team members think, feel, and act like each other.
80
Why do teams take longer than individuals to make decisions?
Teams require extra time to organize, coordinate, and maintain relationships.
81
What happens to decision-making time as the size of the group increases?
The larger the group, the more time is required to make a decision.
82
What is Evaluation Apprehension?
A decision-making problem where individuals are reluctant to mention ideas that seem silly due to fear of evaluation by others.
83
What is the effect of team cohesion on employee behavior?
Team cohesion leads employees to conform to the team’s norms.
84
What is a potential downside of team cohesion?
It may cause team members to suppress their dissenting opinions.
85
What is Groupthink?
The tendency of highly cohesive groups to value consensus at the price of decision quality.
86
What is Production Blocking?
A time-related constraint found in most team structures where only one person can speak at a time
87
What are the 4 Team Decision Making constraints?
Time Constraints, Evaluation Apprehension, Pressure to conform, Groupthink
88
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