tourism 1.1+1.2+1.3+1.4 Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
1.1
what is a tourist
A
- a person who makes trips outside their usual env for leisure or personal purposes
- trip can be completed within the same day or several days requiring overnight stays
2
Q
1.1
what can tourists be classified into
A
- domestic tourists
- international tourists
3
Q
1.1
what is domestic tourists
A
tourists who travel within their own country
4
Q
1.1
what is international tourists
A
toursits who travel abroad to another country
5
Q
1.1
what is tourism system
A
- comprises 3 interconnected components
- tourist generating region
- tourist destination region
- transit route
6
Q
1.1
what is tourist generationg region +example
A
the region where tourists come from and where people and businesses that offer toursim products and experiences (such as tour operators) may be based
eg. tourists in sg come from china, indonesia, austrailia
7
Q
1.1
explain tourists destination region +example
A
region which attracts tourists. attractions, amenities and facilities which cater to the needs of toursits are located here. it also ther region that experiences the consequences of tourism development
eg. sentosa, mbs, zoo
8
Q
1.1
expain transit route + eg
A
the region or route a tourist travels through to reach their destination. this route links the tourists destination regions to the tourist generating regions.
eg. air travel, cruise resorts, land transport
9
Q
1.1
why is the function of TGR TDR TR important
A
it enables people to travel from the tourist generating to destination regions
interconnected- each component can affect and be affected y other components
10
Q
1.1
how do the availability of transit routes influence travel between regions?
A
- availability of transit routes influences the volume and direction of travel
- when there are limited or inconveinient transit routes, the vol of travel between regions might be low
- when more transit routes available, vol of travel might increase
- when there are convenient or attractive transit routes available, the direction of travel might change. tourists might choose to travel via the transit route instad of travelling directly to the destination region.
11
Q
1.1
example of how availability of transit routes influence traveel between regions
A
(SG+BRAZIL) lack of direct flights between sg and brazil and inconvenient transit routes between them result in fewer tourists travelliing from sg to brazil
(NEW DELHI+SG) some travellers may find the 8 hr direct flight frm new delhi to sg too tiring. also there may not be direct flights that suit their schedules. hence they may choose to take a shorter flight to Bankok, thailand(transit route) before coninuing their journey to sg
12
Q
1.1
what is the relationship between tourist generating and destination regions?
A
- tourist generating regions create push factors, while destination regions create pull factors
- without tourists generating region, tourist destingation region would be unsuccesful, vice versa
13
Q
1.1
push factors at generating regions and what is push factors
A
factors that cause a tourist to want to leave the generating region
- stressful work env
- unpleasant living env
- lack recreational and entainment options
14
Q
1.1
pull factors at destination region and what is pull factors
A
qualities in tourist destination regions that attract tourists
-places of scenic beauty
-special events (concert/festivals)
-attractions, facilities and amenities
15
Q
1.1
how is the motivaiton or need to travel developed
A
through the interplay between push and pull factors
16
Q
1.1
what does tourists, bussinesses and organisations in tourist generating and destination regions are mutually dependent mean?
A
- tourists require services of tour operators in tourist destination regions to plan their trips
- tour operators depend on hotels in tourist destination region in order to plan the accommodation for tourists
- hotels depend on tour operators to direct tourists to them in order to earn profits
17
Q
1.1
how does tourism interact with nature, communities and economies within a local env with eg
A
- can interact in +ve and -ve ways
- eg: when tourists litter in nature park env may be degraded, when tourists pay local villagers to teach them traditional pottery->generate revenue->increase local ecoonomy and preserve local traditions
- tourism is a global industry which influences global economy, local economy
- tourism impacts env, change in nature, communities and economies within an env can affect tourism systems
18
Q
1.1
what are economic downturn of TGR
A
-decrease demand of travel
- decrease tourists pass through transit routes (TR)
-income in TDR and transit routes decrease
-env damage decrease
19
Q
1.1
what is economic downturn
A
general slowdown in economic acitivity over sustained period of time-> loss in income/jobs
20
Q
1.2
what are the 3 factors for growth of tourism
A
- motivation to travel
- ability to travel
- mobility in travel
21
Q
1.2
how does an increase in the motivation to travel lead to the growth of tourism?
A
- motivation to travel ->a set of needs that can be satisfied by travelling
- the needs: need for relaxation, achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment, unique travel experiences
- motivation to travel has increased due to globalisation-> greater access tomedia sources. people becoming more aware of different travel opportunities
22
Q
1.2
explain the need for relaxation
A
- the increasing pressures of work and hectic lifestyles have increased ppl motivation to travel to relieve stress
- many see travel as a way to rest and rejuvenate, engage in different tourist activities to relax (seek nature ->escape urban env, rest enjoy scenic views)(theme parks)
23
Q
1.2
eg for need for relaxation
A
for example, a survey found that 1 od the mian resons british tourists visit Phuket, thailand and island famous for its scenic beaches, is to rest and relax
for example, universal studios singapore is a theme park that fetures rides, shows and attractions, immersing visitors in a completely different setting from their usual lives. in 2019, the theme park welcomed more than 18 million visitors
24
Q
1.2
explain the need to achieve personal growth and self fulfilment
A
- traveling allows people to develop themselves further by learning something new or improving their existing knowledge and skills
- participate in activities that are challenging or adventurous such as mountian climbing or skydiving to fulfil their potential
- participate in these activities make them feel that they are being streatched physically and emotionally and therefore achieve personal growth
25
# 1.2
eg of need to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment
(improving their existing knowledge)
for eg, in pilgrimage tourism, tourists travel to sacred sites to learn more about their faiths and grow spiritually. everyyear, more than 2 mil muslims travel to mecca in saudi arabia for the pilgrimage
(learn smthg new/ improving their existing knowledge and skill)
for eg, many cooking sch have sprung up in Bali to cater to tourists' desire to learn more about Balinese cuisine
(participate in adventurous activites)
for eg, in the last few decades, the number of tourists climing mount everest has increased steadily, as they are motivated to challenge themselves and achieve their fullest potential
26
# 1.2
explain the need to discover unique travel experiences
- some ppl travel to gain unique travel experiences in order to satisfy their curiosity about the world
- travelling allows them to explore different env and cultures that are not widely known
- they often seek places that are less travelled to, participate in special or uncommon tourism activities(treskking along slopes of volcano)
- social media has raised interest in unique destinations and activites especially among younger travellers
- with globalisation, vast transport networks are connecting remote places to major cities, making them more accessible
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# 1.2
example of need to discover unique travel experiences
for eg, tourism numbers in antartica have increased significantly in the last 2 decades. many of these tourists seek to satisfy their cutriosity about one of the world's last uninhabited regiolns
28
# 1.2
does everyone have the same motivation to travel? why
- no
- individuals have varying needs hence motivation to travel is unique
- tourists will therefore participate in different activities in 1 destination to cater to their different travel motivation
- for eg, scuba diving in bali indonesia can fulfil a tourist's need for relaxation as well as the need to discover unique travel experiences
- foreg, whale watching might be a way for some tourists to relaz, while for others, it is about seeking self-fulfilment by getting to experience the sighttings of these majestic animals first-hand
29
# 1.2
how does an increase in ability to travel lead to the growth of tourism?
| the 5 conditions
5 conditions for ability to travel:
- increase in disposable incomes
- increase in leisure time
- business innovations in the tourism0related industry
- lower transport costs
- lower accomodation costs
30
# 1.2
how does increase in disposable income increase the ability to travel +eg
- the higher the disposable income, the higher the ability to travel. economic development leads to an increase in disposable incomes which results in greater spending on travel, fueling tourism growth
- eg: in china, as GDP quadrupled, international tourism grew from about 9mil departures in1999 to 154 mil departures in2019
31
# 1.2
how does increase in leisure time increase the ability to travel +eg
- leisure time refers to the time when people are free from work, the more leisure time people have, the higher the ability to travel.
- increased paid leave, more public holidays, shorter working weeks->more time and money to travel
- eg. in 2015, the chinese gov encouraged employers to give workers half a day of paid leave on fridays during the summer months to help boost domestic tourism
32
# 1.2
how does business innovations in the tourism-related industry increase the ability to travel +eg
- with businesses offering more affordable travel option, demand for tourism has increased
- the more value for money the trip is the higher the ability to travel
- eg: thomas cook invented tour packages during the industrial revolution. such tour packages made travel affordable for many people in the UK. this is because tour companies purchase transport and accommodation in bulk, often at discounted prces and sell them off through tour packages at high prices
- eg: websites such as expedia, klook Et cetera, have search engines specifically for travellers to compare trip reviews and prices, and book their trips directly on the website. often, these websites offer promotional prices for transport and accommodation.
33
# 1.2
how does lower transport costs increase the ability to travel +eg
- international tourism relies heavily on air transport, which has become increasingly affordable
- the lower the transport cost, the higher the ability to travel, for eg. budget airlines
- they do this by using fuel-efficient planes, smaller airplanes can reach small airports which reduce fuel costs, and by flying to airports with cheaper fees
- eg: budget airlines such as AirAisa, which offer significantly lower prices have become increasingly popular for travel within Southeast Asia
34
# 1.2
how does lower accommodation costs increase the ability to travel +eg
- the lower the accommodation cost, the higher ability to travel
- variety of accommodation types include rented properties to hotels and bed and breakfast stays
- wide variety caters to a range of different budgets, making tourism with lower accommodation costs possible
- eg: AirBnB is a business innovation that offers option for accommodation, often at competitive prices. it connects people who want to rent their home out to tourists, increasing the variety of accommodation that tourists can stau in. in the 2019, it was estimated that more than 2 mil people stayed in Air bnb property everyday.
35
# 1.2
what is mobility in travel and what are the 3 factors
it refers to the ability to move around easily and conveniently to tourist destination
3 factors:
1. expansion of public transport services and infrastructure
2. introduction of new modes of travel
3. increase in private car ownership
36
# 1.2
how does expansion of public transport services and infrastructure increase the mobility of tourists+eg
- connectivity within different parts of a country, as well as between countries has increased
- tourists can travel to more places in much shorter times
- many countries have also expanded their etwork of public transprt services by increasing the number of public bus and train routes
- eg: opening of chang airport terminal 4 means that there can be more flights from other parts of Asia to sg, making travel within the region more convenient
- public transport services and infrastructure in sg have greatly expanded in reacent decades. eg, downtown mrt line was developed to increase the accessibility of some tourist attractions such as Gardens by the Bay.
37
# 1.2
how does introduction of new modes of travel increase the mobility of tourists+eg
- tourists can now travel faster and further via land, sea and air transport
- comercial air travel has greatly boosted toursm as it travels faster and further and are more fuel-efficient. this has resulted in reduced traveling time, increased convenience of travelling long distances, and lowering travelling costs.
- eg: in 1965, a conventional train would take 6 hrs and 40 min to travel from tokyo to osaka. with the intorduction of the bullet train, the trip has een shortened to 3 hrs and 10 mins. this has significantly increased tourism in cities
- eg: in the early 1950s, a commercial flight from sg to london would take 2 to 4 days, with many stopovers in between. today air travel would take 14 hours without any stopovers
38
# 1.2
how does increased private car ownership increase the mobility of tourists+eg
- private car ownershhip allows families to travel comfortably and conveniently in their own vehicles to nearby attractions for leisure
- travelling in private cares-> more freedom
- increased i private car ownership ->boosted domestic tourism
- eg: car ownership in india has increased exponentially. es a result, srinagar city, which is known for its holy sites and snow-clad mountain peaks, experiences an influx of people visiting it by car in summer
39
# 1.3
what are the stages of tourism development?
1. exploration
2. innovation
3. development
4. consolidation
5. decline
6. rejuvenation
40
# 1.3
why not all destinations go through all 6 stages in a linear fashiom
- while some destination skip certain stages, in general, most tourist destingations follow similar stages of deveipment
- tourist destinations may grow or lose its popularity
41
# 1.3
what is exploration stage+eg
- tourist arrivals: small number of adventurous tourists, irregular visits
- tourists contribution to local economy: tourists make minimal contributions to the local economy
- features of destination: natural attractions, cultural attractions, lack of facilities
- eg: jaco islan in timor leste: few internationa; visitors due to in accessible location and lack of tourism facilities. houses the only national park in the country with attractive beaches
-
42
# 1.3
what is involvement stage+eg
- tourist arrivals: increase in tourist arrivals, peak and non-peak tourist seasons develop
- tourist contributions to local economy: contributions to the local economy begin to grow
- features of destination: destination experiences a rise in goods, services and facilities to cater to tourists. goods and services are provided by locals. amenities and facilities requested by locaks are built and maintained by the local authorities
- eg: kueang si waterfalls in laos: authorities invested money to improve facilities at the waterfall. increase in number of travel agencies and transport providers to enhance accessibility from the town area to the waterfall. increase in tourist visiting the waterfalls
43
# 1.3
what is development stage+eg
- tourist arrivals: tourist arrivals increase rapidly
- tourists contributions to local economy: tourism sector employs a significant number of workers contributing significantly to a local economy. labour from other parts of the country and other countires will be attracted to work in the booming tourism sector of the destination
- features of destination: number of attraction and facilities built increases rapidly, large businesses build more elborate facilities and man-made attractions, heavy advertising of the destination. increase in large and medium businesses in retail and leisture, destination become regnised as tourist destination
- eg: phu quoc island vietnam: recieved investments to buils hotels, infrasturcutre, attracted major business. in 2019 had rapid increase in tourist arrivals to 5.1mil. toursim sector employs a significant proportion of the local popoulation
44
# 1.3
what is consolidation stage
- tourist arrivals: tourist arrivals outnumber local population, growth starts to slow
- tourists contribution to local economy: dominates local economy. continues to employ significant number of workers and contributes significantly to local economy
- features of destination: slowing down in number of attractions and facilities built. majority of tourist facilities and hotels are often owned by large multinational companies suporting large number of tourists
- eg:goa india: tourism sector employs a signifanct proportion of the local population. in 2019, foreign tourists, 7mil out number locals, 1.5mil. many large multinational companies like marriott internatinal own hotels such as the westin goa and the w goa
45
# 1.3
what is stagnation stage
- tourists arrivals: peaked and begin to decline as tourist arrivals has exceeded its carying capacitry. ->negative effects
- tourists contribution to local economy: contributes start to stagnate
- features of destination: destingation may no longer be attractive, facilities and attraciontions may decline as they become old and run down. tourists start to feel that location no longer has anything to offer
- eg: hawaii, usa. tourism arrivals and expenditures beganto decline in the late 1990s and early 2000s
- eg: wakki major tourism spot, had become very cowded and facilities and attractions were getting old and run down and in need of major renovations.
46
# 1.3
what is decline stage
- tourists arrivals: tourists arrivals decline significantly as tourists will seek other new and exciting destinations
- tourists contributions to local economy: contribution decline
- deatures of destination: negatively affecting the economy , less money available to maintain and improve facilites, facilities deterioate->less attractive
- eg: blackpool uk, lost its attractiveness due to competitioin from other european coastal locaiotins with more competitive pricing . with fewer tourists, many old inns either deteriorated or had to shut down
47
# 1.3
what is rejuvenation stage+eg
- tourist arrivals: increase tourist arrivals
- tourists contributions: contributions to economy increase again
- features of destination: with funding provided, able to redevelop the place to make it more attractive, advertise the revamped tourist destination.
- eg: blackpool ul, local authorities engaged the private sector to invest 300 mil euro to build blackpool central, world-class leisure development which aims to attract 600,000visitors. new facilites, ammenities, revised efforts to advertise destinations
48
# 1.4
what are the different personality types of tourists
1. dependables
2. venturers
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