tourism Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
The 3 reasons for motivation to travel
A
- need for relaxation
- need to achieve personal growth and self-fufilment
- need to discover unique travel experiences
2
Q
The 5 reasons for Ability to travel
A
- Increase in disposable income
- Increase in leisure time
- business innovation in the tourism-related industry
- lower transport cost
- lower accommodation costs
3
Q
The 3 reasons for mobility in travel
A
- Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure
- Introduction of new modes to travel
- Increased private car ownership
4
Q
6/7 stages of tourism development
A
- exploration
- involvement
- development
- consolidation
- stagnation
6/7. rejuvenation/decline
5
Q
2 different types of tourists
A
Dependables
Venturers
6
Q
which of the 2 types of tourists spend more money
A
venturers
7
Q
which of the 2 types of tourists like to travel to more familiar destinations
A
dependables
8
Q
example for the different stages of tourism development
A
Blackpool (resort in the UK)
9
Q
Example of people being influenced by movies to a tourist destination
A
platform 9 3/4 at London’s king cross station, featured in the Harry Potter movies
10
Q
Why are lesser-known destinations becoming more popular
A
people want to seek unique travel experiences. They also share it on social media which thus makes it popular
11
Q
example of a lesser-known destination (laos)
A
Vang vien in Laos, a small town of few hours’ north of the capital, there are hidden caves and lagoons that can be explored by boat along the river that flows through the town
12
Q
4 types of niche tourism
A
adventure tourism
heritage tourism
sports tourism
health tourism
13
Q
different tour operators
A
mass market tour operators (Klook) and small specialist tour operators (Quark expeditions)
14
Q
tourism contributes ___% of the world’s GDP and ___% of total emploment
A
5%, 6-7%
15
Q
2 positive impacts of tourism on the economy
A
- increased employment
- higher income
16
Q
why does more tourism lead to increased employment
A
tourism industry is very labour intensive and thus requires more manpower——> more employment
17
Q
Examples of formal employment
A
hotel manager, restaurant chef, etc
18
Q
Examples of informal employment
A
Street-side performers, taxi drivers, etc
19
Q
Example of increased employment (maldives)
A
tourism is the largest economic industry in Maldives in earning foreign exchange revenues and generating employment in the country. 56.7% of the population is involved in tourism industry
20
Q
why does increase in tourism lead to higher income
A
more tourism —-> more employment —-> higher income —–> boosts country’s GDP —-> money used to invest in infrastructure —-> higher SOL and less poverty
21
Q
The 2 negatives impact on the economy
A
- economic leakage
- overdependence on tourism
22
Q
what is economic leakage
A
economic leakage is when a tourist destination region imports goods and services from other countries (hotels, restaurants). Money earned by these goods and services go to the country that it was imported from and not the destination region, resulting in economic leakage
23
Q
examples of economic leakage (Caribbean)
A
St. Lucia, an island in the Caribbean experienced a leakage of 45% in 2016. Tourism accounts to almost 65% of St. Lucia
24
Q
what causes tourism to fluctuate (overdependence on tourism)
A
- Natural Disasters
- Economic downturn
- Unfavourable political decisions
- Outbreak of diseases
25
example of natural disaster affecting tourism (Caribbean Islands)
Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean islands in August 2017. 95% of buildings were destroyed. Loss of 1 million tourists and loss of US$700 million in tourism revenue.
26
example of economic downturn affecting tourism
The global economic crisis in 2008-2009, caused tourists arrivals to decrease by 6%, making tourist destination areas vulnerable
27
example of unfavourable political situations affecting tourism
June - August 2019, HK protests against the Government. All departing flights to HK were cancelled, causing inconveniences to tourists. Tourism declined as they feared for their own safety.
28
example of outbreak of diseases affecting tourism
Covid-19 hit in late 2019, borders were shut, countries in lockdown. Tourist arrivals reduced by around 65% globally during that period.
29
positive impacts of tourism in society and culture (2)
1. preservation of traditional cultural practices and art forms
2. Enhanced cultural ecosystem services
30
how does tourism cause preservation of culture
when tourists visit an area with rich history, it boosts their economy there, incentivising locals there to preserve the local culture
31
example of preservation of culture
Shadow puppetry in China was placed on UNESCO's representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. It serves to pass down China's cultural history while entertaining the community.
32
example of enhanced cultural services
SanJiangYuan nature reserve in Qinghai province in China.
33
negative impacts of tourism on society and culture (3)
1. Commodification of culture
2. Cultural Clashes
3. Rise in Crime
34
What is commodification
Treatment like a product that can bought or sold, causing them to lose their cultural values
35
Example of cultural clashes
Uluru in Alice Springs, Anangu Tribe believes that the landscape was created by ancestral beings. When tourists climb and pick the rock, it is considered to be disrespectful to locals, possibly causing a conflict.
36
Example of rise in crime
Pickpocketing in the Lourve Museum in Paris due to large crowds and poor security control
37
Example of interaction between locals and tourists
(Thailand)
The Kayan Lahwi long neck tribe in northern Thailand depend on tourism for a living. Entrance fees result in Commodification, the women wearing the gold coils are taken as exhibits for locals, invading their privacy and eroding their cultural practices
38
Positive impacts of tourism on the environment (2)
1. Conservation of natural environments and preservation of biodiversity
2. Restoration of degraded ecosystems
39
why does tourism enable conservation of natural environments
Locals and Government can see the benefits of preserving the environment so they use the money earned from the destination to fund the protection of the local environment
40
example of preservation of natural environment and biodiversity (equador)
Entrance fees of US$100 for visitors entering the Galapagos National Park in Equador, revenue earned is then used to hire park rangers and maintain the park.
41
why tourism enables the restoration of degraded ecosystems
local communities see the importance and start to restore these ecosystems like waste disposal
42
Example of restoration of degraded ecosystems
Tourism in Costa Rica contributes significantly to the GDP, where the main attraction is hiking/animal watching. Deforestation beforehand has removed the forest cover, but the benefit of tourism is recognised so efforts are put in to restore the forest cover.
43
Negative impacts of tourism on the environment (4)
1. Air Pollution
2. Land and Water Pollution
3. Depletion of natural resources
4. Threats to wildlife habitats
44
how does tourism cause air pollution
fossil fuels are burnt for thins like transportation and air-con, GHG released, causing climate change.
45
example of land and water pollution
Boracay Island in the Philippines has at least 200 local business not connected to the sewage system, throwing sewage directly into the water.
46
Example of depletion of natural resources
Bali, Indonesia, Hotels and resorts use up a lot of the water, causing rivers to dry up, water prices to increase.
47
Example of threats to wildlife habitats
Maldives, water bungalows were developed, rock and sand is thrown into the water which suffocates the corals.
48
What are the 5 different stakeholders in tourism development
Governments, International organisations, Locals, Tourists, Businesses
49
What can governments do to ensure sustainable tourism development (2points)
1. establishing policies and creating plans
2. Enforcing regulations
50
(Gov) example of establishing policies and creating plans
Sentosa Singapore, government brings together different stakeholders to develop a series of plans to enable the island to become more sustainable
51
(Gov) example of enforcing regulations
Bhutan, tourists can only enter the country by organising their trips with licensed tour operators who are tasked with ensuring tourists adhere to laws and regulations to minimise the negative impacts like ensuring tourists trek on designated trails.
52
Limitations of the (Government) in ensuring sustainable tourism development (2points)
1. poor enforcement
2. decision to priortise economic develpment
53
example of a (international organisation) in enabling sustainable tourism development
Sustainable Travel International (Palau Island)
Palau plans to become the world's first carbon-neutral destination in collaboration with the government and Sustainable Travel International and Slow Food
"Palau Pledge" states that tourists will be fined for harming the environment or being disrespectful to local culture.
54
Limitations of (International Organisations) in achieving sustainable tourism development (2points)
1. Lack of understanding of local contexts
2. Lack of funding as most of these are non-profit organisations
55
(businesses) example, achieving sustainable tourism development
Quicksilver cruises in Australia (GBR)
works with the planning authorities to promote ecotourism. Marina Biologists observe and monitor marine ecosystem which helps to manage the GBR.
56
why do (businesses) want to achieve sustainable tourism
They typically have incentives to do so like profits for their own businesses and they also have the financial to influence sustainable tourism development
57
Limitations of (Businesses) (2points)
1. compromising on sustainable practices to survive
2. Differing understanding and ways of measuring sustainability
58
How do (locals) influence sustainable tourism development (2points)
1. seeking advice from other stakeholders regarding sustainable tourism practices
2. Participate in decision making
59
(Locals) example in seeking advice from other stakeholders
SG, "tourist guide code of conduct and ethics" provide guidelines for tour operators to treat tourists well. They also get info from tourists themselves on where are the popular places.
60
Limitations of (Locals) (2points)
1. They lack the financial aid
2. priortising economy benefits over sustainability
61
How tourists influence sustainable tourism development (2points)
1. developing a genuine interest in the tourist destination and seeking to enhance its environment, nature, culture and economy
2. Interacting responsibly with the environment and people when they travel
62
(tourist) example of developing a genuine interest in the tourist destination
Tiger Tops Elephant camp in Nepal
Elephants can walk freely around and tourists can observe them in their natural habitat. Revenue from tourism used to upkeep the animals and provide education to locals
63
(tourist) example of interacting responsibly with the environment and people when they travel
Bali, Indonesia. Tourists must dress modestly when visiting religion sites.
64
Limitations of (tourists) in influencing sustainable tourism development (2points)
1. Some sustainable tourism options might be out of their budget
2. Lack of clear info on which options are actually sustainable
65
What is eco-tourism
sustainable tourism that takes place in nature areas which aims to conserve the environment, benefit locals, increase benefits for economy, social and environment
66
1st strategy to implement eco-tourism
Educate and increase tourists' appreciation of nature
67
2nd strategy to implement eco-tourism
Implementing measures to minimise impact on the environment
68
what kind of eco-tourism has more services
soft eco-tourism
69
what kind of eco-tourism has a smaller number of tourists
hard eco-tourism
70
what kind of eco-tourism is more comfortable for tourists
soft eco-tourism
71
example of eco-tourism
The Galapagos Island in Equador charges an entry fee of US$100 dollars per person, which is then used to fund conservation projects. There is a tour guide stationed at each site and locals provide homestays.
72
Limitations of eco-tourism
1. Uncertainty over continuity of efforts in conservation as place becomes too popular and harder to manage
2. Uncertainty over local involvement where locals lack the skills to be employed
73
Briefly describe what is Community-based tourism
CBT is arranged by local communities that give tourists a chance to stay with the locals, learning about they daily life and culture, keeping the profits earned and reducing income leakage.
74
Example of CBT (agriculture)
Candirejo village in Java, Indonesia, villages conduct agricultural tours to share about their farming livelihood and promote organic farming and fruit harvesting opportunities for tourists
75
Example of CBT (homestays)
Malaysia Homestay Programme. Tourists can experience the local culture by staying with them, cooking traditional food/celebrating festivals.
76
3 strategies to implement CBT
1. Encourage local community to partake in decision making for tourism development
2. Implement measures to increase social and economic benefits to locals
3. Educate and increase tourists' appreciation of local cultures and protection of the environment
77
Limitations of CBT (2)
1. Loss of culture
2. competition with large-scale tourism development
78
example of loss of culture (CBT)
Yurts in kyrgyzstan have been modified to include modern beds for tourists for homestays to make it more comfortable for them but it loses its cultural meaning
79
example of competition with large scale tourism development (CBT)
Thanh Ha pottery in Vietnam, Hoi An, facing competition from more established pottery industries in central Vietnam, they lacked skilled pottery artisans
80
briefly describe Pro-poor tourism (PPT)
PPT is a form of tourism that reduces poverty and benefits the poor
81
2 strategies to implement PPT
1. Training the locals (poor) to learn new skills and get jobs in the tourism sector
2. Increasing access to micro-finance which is a type of banking for the poor
82
example of PPT
The Three Parallel Rivers region in China
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, authorities help to fund, locals start businesses in the tourism industry so they can earn an income to improve their SOL
83
Limitations of PPT (2)
1. Inability to significantly reduce poverty as compared to direct investment in social services
2. Economic benefits may be highly unevenly distributed, where most benefits are gone to the non-poor locals
84
example of the economic benefits being unevenly distributed in PPT
with the support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 6 countries sharing the Mekong river undertook a joint tourism project in 2005 to reduce poverty in the region. Tourism revenues and employment did indeed increase but most of these benefits were concentrated in 1 country and mostly to the non-poor locals.
85
How to ensure equitable distribution of tourism benefits (2)
1. Implement effective tourism management to ensure the tourism benefits are enjoyed by all stakeholders
2. Minimising negative trade offs
86
example of minimising negative trade-offs
Maya Bay in Thailand
Trade-off between a healthier environment versus a decrease in economic activity. A quota is placed on the destination so stakeholders have to minimise the trade-offs and accept it.
87
example of ensuring that demands to not exceed the supply of resources
In Bali, hotels were developed so water supply was directed to tourism. 65% of Bali's water go to tourism so not enough water for the poor, affect rice farming and agriculture
88
example of stakeholders working together
Sentosa Island Singapore, photovoltaic cells placed all over the island to gear towards the use of renewable energy to achieve carbon-neutral status
89
example of tourist destination regions managing demand
Waitomo Caves in NZ
The CO2 in the caves are monitored regularly and the cave will be closed off to tourists if it exceeds the limit. Locals are employed to be staff in the cave and income is earned.
