Tourism Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between a natural/primary or built a built/secondary attraction?
A
Natural/primary attractions such as beaches and waterfalls are not handmade where as theme parks and zoos are built/secondary attractions.
2
Q
What is a honeypot site?
A
A site attracting a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers, place pressure on the environment and local people.
3
Q
What is a butler tourist resort life cycle?
A
A model that’s says any tourist resort starts on a small scale and develops into something more significant, then either goes into decline or makes changes to maintain attractions.
4
Q
What are the 6 stages of the butler tourist resort life-cycle model?
A
Exploration Involvement Development Consolidation Stagnation Decline or Rejuvenation
5
Q
What is conservation
A
The careful and planned use of resources to manage and mantain in the nature environment for future generations.
6
Q
Define the term attractions
A
A feature or facility that makes tourists go to a place.
7
Q
Disposable income
A
Money left over after necessities (food, shelter, water etc) have been bought. This money can be spent or saved as one wishes e.g. On holidays
8
Q
Domestic tourists
A
These tourists travel within their own country, not across international borders
9
Q
Economic impacts
A
Impacts upon the economy result in changes to jobs, income and prices. Can be positive, negative, short term or long term
10
Q
Ecotourism (aka green tourism)
A
Tourism to an area because of the appeal of its natural environment, while negative impacts are kept to a minimum. Small scale, responsible tourism where visitors also try to benefit the local communities socially and economically
11
Q
Environmental impacts
A
Positive or negative changes to the local environment due to tourism e.g. Vegetation trampling
12
Q
External factors
A
Something unrelated to tourism which affects tourist numbers e.g. Economy, political unrest, terrorism
13
Q
Extreme environments
A
Location with a particularly difficult environment where the development of tourism has only recently occurred due to a niche market demand for somewhere difficult with physical challenges
14
Q
Grey pound
A
The economic purchasing power of the elderly population in the UK
15
Q
Historic site
A
An attraction known for its intrinsic historic or heritage value e.g. Stonehenge, Machu Picchu
16
Q
Infrastructure for tourism
A
Supports structures and services for visitors e.g. Airports, hotels, electricity, tour agencies
17
Q
International tourists
A
Tourists who travel across international borders
18
Q
Leisure
A
Free time activities people choose to do when they are not at work or education
19
Q
Long-haul
A
Flights or trips to destinations beyond Europe and the Mediterranean Basin usually more than 6-7 hours
20
Q
Mass tourism
A
Tourism on a large scale to one country or region
21
Q
Multiplier effect
A
When a job created in one sector of the economy leads to the creation of jobs in other economic sectors
22
Q
National Park
A
An area usually dedicated by law where development is limiting and planning is controlled. The landscape is regarded as unusual and valuable and therefore worth preserving
23
Q
Package holiday
A
A holiday or tour arranged by a travel agent where transportation food and accommodation are all included in the price
24
Q
Niche market
A
Holidays targeted at a very small segment of the population who share a narrow set of wants, needs and wishes
25
Resort
Places tourists visit for holidays or recreation and where tourism is an important part of the local economy
26
Stewardship
The personal responsibility for looking after things, in the case of the environment. No one should damage the present or future environment
27
What is mass tourism?
Tourism on a large scale to a single destination.
28
When did mass tourism start and why?
It started in the 60s when air travel became more widely available as it was affordable.
29
Give a list of reasons why there is mass tourism:
Flight prices are cheaper
Cost of living is cheaper, more disposable income
Women work now so there is duel income in many households, again more disposable income
Planes are bigger and flight time has decreased
People have more free time and longer breaks from work
Holiday booking is so easy due to the ride of the internet and technology
30
Why is tourism so important to the economy of LEDCs?
List the positives and negative aspects of it.
(long answer)
Tourism provides many jobs in LEDCs; formal and informal. LEDC economies are smaller so the money earned from tourism, even though it may be less than in MEDCs, goes much further
The formal jobs provide foreign income for the government.
It also preserves the culture as tourists pay to visit temples so they have money to keep them going.
Money earned in tourism can go towards their families and perhaps their child's education? i.e. better standard of living.
Money earned by government can go towards improving infrastructure such as roads, hospitals and electricity.
31
Examples of extreme tourism activities:
```
Base jumping
Paragliding
Wing suit gliding
White water rafting
Mocrolighting
```
32
Who is the target audience of extreme tourism? Explain your answer
Young people aged 18-35 because you have to be old enough to do it but have still young as it requires a lot of energy. The target audience are wealthy as these expeditions and activities are expensive. They are more likely not to have children as it is dangerous and in many you could actually die.
33
What is extreme tourism?
Tourism all across the globe in harsh environments and terrain. They attract a niche market.
34
What attracts people to take part in extreme tourism?
Extreme environments and activities generate a lot of adrenaline for people. The possibility of death is thrilling to some. They require basic facilities and enjoy sleeping rough, this adds to the thrill for people who are bored of every day life and want to experience a different lifestyle. It is also because people want be able to say they have done it; 'bragging rights'.
35
Why has there been an increase in extreme tourism?
Baby boomers can afford to take their families on more expensive holidays in extreme environments.
People want to be able to say they have done it and tell their friends.
Going to countries and building schools or conserving wildlife is becoming more common among older generations.
There are more promotions from holiday companies.
People see their holidays as not just a break but a chance to do something completely different.
36
Ecotourism must be:
Environmentally sound - natural environments and wildlife are safeguarded.
Socially sound - considers the need of, and involves communities, including their economic needs.
Sustainable - looking after todays tourist needs without damaging those of future generations.
37
Name an example of tourism that is sustainable but not ecotourism:
Thailand - it is mass tourism but they use the heat from the air conditioning to heat water which is a sustainable way of getting energy.
38
Benefits of ecotourism:
Ecotourism benefits the environment, the culture and the local people. Conservation and stewardship involve local organisations and people. Ecotourism often tries to reduce the use of fossil fuels, such as by using renewable energy wherever possible.
39
Explain the first stage of the Butler Resort Life-Cycle Model
Exploration
Few visitors and a few facilities.
Genuine contact between locals and tourists.
Tourism has little environmental, cultural or economic impact.
40
Explain the second stage of the Butler Resort Life-Cycle Model
Involvement
Locals provide a few facilities for tourists but the number of visitors is still small.
A tourist season and market can be identified.
41
Explain the third stage of the Butler Resort Life-Cycle Model
Development
Large numbers of tourists arrive
Control of facilities passes to external organisations who advertise
Tensions begin to develop between locals and tourists
42
Explain the fourth stage of the Butler Resort Life-Cycle Model
Consolidation
Tourism becomes a major contributor to the economy, providing secure jobs and income
Visitor numbers peak
Tensions remain between locals and tourists
Upgrading facilities
43
Explain the fifth stage of the Butler Resort Life-Cycle Model
Stagnation
Visitor numbers stay but begin to fall.
Facilities need refurbishment as the resort becomes unfashionable.
44
Explain the sixth stage of the Butler Resort Life-Cycle Model
Rejuvenation/Decline
Either of two paths are then followed:
a. immediate/major decline or slow decline
b. rejuvenation and attempts to modernise
45
What is tourism?
Travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes
46
What are tourists
People who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than 24 hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes
47
What are primary resources for a tourist attraction
Beaches, natural beauty, climate, lack of natural disasters
48
What are secondary resources for tourist attractions
History, transportation and communications, necessary infrastructure, leisure facilities
49
Social factors that affect tourism growth
More free time, fashion and trends, media, people living longer so more retirement time
50
Economic factors affecting tourism growth
Increase in middle class, smaller families, better pensions, rise of TNCs in tourism, exchange rates
51
Improvements in technology that affect tourism growth
Cheaper flights - low cost airlines eg easy jet
More airports that are more accessible
Better transport -can carry more people and are quicker
Better infrastructure
52
How does expansion of holiday choice affect tourism growth
Adverts and media, extreme tourism - niche market, thanatourism
53
External factors that influence visitor numbers to the UK
Bad/good weather e.g. wet summer
World economy e.g. in recession fewer overseas visitors but more domestic tourists
Exchange rate - value of pound is low there is an increase
Terrorism and conflict e.g. 7/7 bombings in London
Major events e.g. the 2012 London Olympics
54
Why is tourism an important industry to the UK?
Worth £115.4 bn (2011) and contributes 8.6% to the UK GDP
Provides people with jobs directly or indirectly
Good for UK employment rates as jobs in tourism are currently helping with unemployment issues
55
Thailand's location and climate
Southeast Asia, gulf of Siam
| Tropical, avg yearly temp 28 degrees with a monsoon season
56
How many tourists visited Thailand in 2013
Over 26.5 million
57
Thailand's attractions (quite a lot, use common sense)
Humid tropical climate, lush and green landscape, guaranteed hot weather, beautiful beaches - eg islands Koh Phangan, Koh Samui, rich culture and history - eg Buddhist monks and temples in Wat Pho, exotic food - noodles, seafood, Thai green curry, low cost of living, 5-star resorts, movies like "The Beach" brought attention to Thailand, Full Moon Party
58
Positive effects of tourism on Thailand
| Think economic and social
Tourism industry makes up 6.5% of the GDP
Income earned helped develop infrastructure eg Bangkok monorail - reduced congestion and traffic problems
49% of all jobs directly or indirectly linked to tourism
Rates of pay in the tourist industry esp Bangkok are considerably higher than the avg national wage - higher standard of living
Tourist demand helps preserve crafts and traditions, like paper making and lacquerware which might otherwise die out
59
Negative effects of tourism in Thailand
| Think environmental, economic and social
60% of money generated by tourism is sent abroad to TNCs that own Thailand's hotels and restaurant chains
Loss of cultural identity as a result of globalisation eg McDonald's
Koh Tao suffers from severe ground water shortage because of demand from tourists for showers and toilet facilities. No surface water supply
More tourists, more rubbish waste disposal becoming a major issue eg in Koh Tao
Coral reefs being damaged by pollution, activities of diving schools and tourist boats
60
Strategies for managing tourism in Thailand
The Tourism Authority of Thailand have drawn up sustainable tourism regulations in order to preserve tourist attractions
In a hotel in Koh Khao:
a solar/wind power combination has been set up on the reception roof and saves 1/2 a tonne of CO2 a year
Air conditioning uses 1/2 of the hotel's power so insulation has been installed in the roof to combat the sun's heat and now 10-15% of the power used by air conditioning can be saved. Hot air removed from the rooms by AC can be used to warm water for showers
61
What are the sustainable tourism regulations in Thailand
For the tourists: 1) respect all local culture, traditions and environmental values 2) do not support illegal businesses by buying endangered species of plants or animals
For the tour guide: 1) promote local products and businesses 2) research the impacts of tourism thus improving your knowledge about sustainable tourism
62
Reasons for the rise of Blackpool
By mid-19th century railway had linked Blackpool to Manchester and the other densely populated textile towns of Lancashire
Factory workers poured in on Bank Holidays
After introduction of paid annual holidays people spent a week there - this was the big holidays for families
Sandy beach and infrastructure of promenade, powers and big hotels and the Tower
63
Reasons for decline and decay in Blackpool
People discovered guaranteed Summer sun in Mediterranean with cheap flights
Not exciting existing visitors nor attracting sufficient new customers
By 2000, some B&B prices had fallen as low as £10 a night - left no money for investment in improvements
64
Strategies to deal with anti-social behaviour and how it improves tourist industry in Blackpool
Think/Challenge scheme - licensees must challenge anyone who looks under 25 to show ID - less drunk underage people, makes Blackpool more attractive
Code of Conduct Scheme - Stag and Hen parties sign up to an agreed code of conduct at their accommodation in return for free entrance into pubs - less anti-social behaviour makes Blackpool more attractive
65
Effectiveness of strategies to reduce anti-social behaviour in Blackpool
85% of licensees agree that Think/Challenge scheme is effective - sales to young people in 2007 fell by 30% - attracting different tourists who will spend more money 50% of licences agree that the code of conduct is effective but 25% think no because for some people coming here the sole purpose is to get drunk
66
Strategies to improve traffic congestion and how they improve tourism in Blackpool
Improvements to the Electric Tram System (16 new Flexitrams in 2011)
Safe Cycle Network and a Hire a Bike Scheme - reduces congestion
67
Strategies to improve cheap, poor quality accommodation which encourages a 'lower class' of tourists eg Stag and Hen weekenders and how it improves tourism in Blackpool
A new Blackpool Quality Standard Mark has been introduced aimed to improve hotels and other accommodation
The Blackpool Tourism Awards have been introduced to recognise the best provision in the service industry - nicer accommodation will attract nicer people with less anti-social behaviour and of a 'higher class'
68
Effectiveness of strategies to improve traffic congestion in Blackpool
A reduction of the number of visitors arriving by car has occurred reducing accidents and air pollution in the town centre
Blackpool has been selected by Cycling England as a Cycle Town
69
Effectiveness of strategies to improve cheap, poor quality accommodation in Blackpool
Since their introduction in 2004, the Blackpool Tourism Awards have attracted an annual increase in both the quality and quantity of entries: over 170 entries were received in 2011
70
Antarctica location (basically intro sentence)
Antarctica is a continent at the South Pole. About 98% of Antarctica is covered in ice
71
Facts about Antarctica
Since 2012 there has been a 22% decrease in the number of tourists
Over 100 tourist companies involved
72
Activities and attractions in Antarctica
Wildlife watching esp penguins and seals
Visiting historic sites such as Scott's hut
Skydiving, waterskiing, paragliding, scuba diving
Active volcano Mt Erebus
Experiencing 24 hour daylight for the 17 weeks in high summer
73
Impacts of tourism in Antarctica
Animals become stressed due to large crowds causing them to abandon eggs
Cruise ships have struck icebergs causing oil spills which damages the environment and can poison the wildlife eg November 2007 surface oil slick reported by the Chilean navy
Introduction of non-native species which are capable of surviving in Antarctica, esp as climate warms
Disturbance to plant populations and disruption of biological/ ecological cycles
Disruption of scientific research activities in 39 stations
74
Management of impacts of tourism in Antarctica
1) Tourists are not allowed to visit Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in order to help conserve precious wildlife and landscapes e.g. Mount Flora in Hope Bay (BUT OIL SPILLS)
2) The Antarctic Treaty - International agreement signed by 47 countries to protect and conserve the area and its plants and wildlife
- No ship carrying over 500 passengers can land on Antarctica (NOT SIGNED BY USA (30.5%) so can still disrupt wildlife and research)
3) IAATO Code of Conduct
Tourists not allowed to interfere with wildlife
Tourists not allowed to bring non native species into Antarctica- how they have to wipe down clothes and shoes Nothing can be left behind e.g. litter
75
What does IAATO stand for
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
76
Location of the Galapagos Islands
50 volcanic islands located in the Pacific Ocean, 1000 km off the coast of Ecuador
77
2 facts about the Galapagos Islands
By 2012, 181,000 tourists a year
| 95% of species which were around 400 years ago are still there
78
Attractions and activities in the Galapagos
Unique flora and fauna: huge biodiversity, over half of the 2800 land species are endemic (ie native to Galapagos and only there) eg. Giant tortoise, lava lizards, marine iguana, blue foot boobies
Activities: scuba diving, hiking, boat trips, photography, visiting Charles Darwin exhibition
79
How does ecotourism benefit and protect the environment in the Galapagos
£25 from every tourist goes to the Galapagos Island Conservation Trust which works to reduce the impact tourists put on the environment
Tourists arrive mainly by small ships and are allowed onshore only at specific locations (only 10% of the islands) and in limited numbers - reduces pressure on the environment
There are fixed itineraries and guides to accompany visitors - prevents tourists straying to areas they are not permitted to visit
Strict rules to prevent people exploiting the environment to make money and to reduce their impact eg animals must not be touched
80
What are the management schemes promoting stewardship and conservation that help protect the environment in the Galapagos (Tourism IS sustainable)
The Galapagos National Park Service monitors visitor sites and can close sites, increase necessary infrastructure such as stairs and walkways, or change itineraries in response to growing pressures
Boat tours owned by locals take only 10-16 tourists each, many accompanied by a professional guide who educates the tourists on conservation and wildlife
Waste and recycling programme has been introduced to avoid rubbish building up eg. Oil is recycled, organic waste is turn into compost and used in afforestation projects
81
How does ecotourism in the Galapagos benefit the local economy
The presence of tourists has created job opportunities for locals, as all the guides have to be local, and some have set up boat trips, guest houses etc and they get to keep the money
Galapagos tourism generates $418m annually, of which an estimated $63m enters the local economy (51% of the Galapagos economy)
82
How does ecotourism in the Galapagos benefit the lives of the locals
Many of the local residents are employed by the tourists directly eg boat trips, hotel staff
All tips are kept by the locals for their own use
The growth in tourism requires a growth in infrastructure, which in turn, the locals can also benefit from
83
Disadvantages of tourism in the Galapagos
Oil from boats pollutes the beaches and contaminates the water supply
Tourists can inadvertently or deliberately damage the environment
Locals sometimes make jewellery from coral to sell to the tourists
From 1999 to 2005 the local population has increased by 60%, mainly migrants from Ecuador. Increases demand for public infrastructure and services and places pressure on the environment
Flora can be taken as souvenirs
84
How is ecotourism in the Galapagos and example of sustainable tourism
The authorities have many management programmes to try and ensure future generations will be able to experience the Galapagos the same as today
85
How is ecotourism in the Galapagos NOT an example of sustainable tourism
As the number of tourists visiting are increasing, greater pressure is placed on the environment and no amount of management can ensure true sustainability
86
Negative impacts of tourism in LEDCs
The jobs that are formal such as a hotel maids aren't usually paid huge amounts and don't require education.
They are seasonal and if the worker was sick or pregnant, they would not be allowed any paid leave.
87
What was the SuperCasino Bid Failure in Blackpool?
Much of the regeneration of Blackpool had focused on building 'Las Vegas' style SuperCasinos but the bid was won by Manchester
88
What was the strategy to improve the SuperCasino Bid Failure in Blackpool?
On the site earmarked for the SuperCasino, Re:Blackpool has drawn up plans for a Conference and Leisure Quarter
89
Effectiveness of the strategy to improve the SuperCasino Bid Failure in Blackpool?
The Conference and Leisure centre is expected to bring between £200m and £450m of capital investment and between 4.2m and 5.5m of visits per annum
It is hoped that the initial phase of development will generate between 2500 and 3400 jobs.
90
Why do some cities attract many tourists?
Cultural attractions e.g. museums and galleries
| Large number of shops and resturants
