Tourism

Question 1

Political factors affecting tourism

Answer 1

Many governments have invested heavily to encourage tourism Government backing for major international events such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup The perceived greater likelihood of terrorist attacks in certain destinations Government restrictions on in and outbound tourism Calls by non government organisations to boycott countries eg Burma

Question 2

Social factors affecting global tourism

Answer 2

An increase in the average number of days of paid leave An increasing desire to experience different cultures and landscapes High levels of international migration over the last decade or so means that more people have friends and relatives abroad More people are avoiding certain destinations for ethical reasons d Raised expectations of international travel with increasing media coverage of holidays travel and nature

Question 3

Economic factors affecting tourism

Answer 3

Steady rising incomes (tourism grows 1.3 times faster than GDP) The decreasing real cost of holidays The widening range of destinations within the middle income range The heavy marketing of shorter foreign holidays aimed a those who have the time and disposable income to take an extra break The expansion of budget airlines Air miles and other retail reward schemes aimed at travel and tourism Globalisation has increased business travel Periods of economic recession reduce tourism levels considerably

Question 4

Cultural impact of tourism

Answer 4

The loss of locally owned land The abandonment of traditional values and practices Displacement of people to make way for tourist developments Alcoholism and drug abuse Abuse of human rights by governments and companies in the quest to maximise profits Crime and prostitution involved children Visitor congestion at key locations hindering the movement of local people Denying local people access to beaches to provide exclusivity for visitors The loss of housing for local people as more visitors by second homes in tourist areas

Question 5

Positive cultural impacts of tourism

Answer 5

Increasing the range of social facilities for local people Helping develop foreign language skills for host communities

Question 6

What is economic leakage?

Answer 6

the part of the month a tourist pays for a foreign holiday that does not benefit the destination country because it goes elsewhere such as payments or foreign owners of hotels

Question 7

What is the multiplier effect?

Answer 7

when a new or expanding economic activity ina. region creates new employment and increased the amount of money circulating in that region this attracts further development creating more employment services and wealth

Question 8

What is carrying capacity

Answer 8

A destination is the number of tourists a destination can take without placing too much pressure in local resources and infrastructure

Question 9

What is sustainable tourism?

Answer 9

Organised in such a way that its level can be sustained in the future without creating irreparable environmental, social and economic damage to the recieving area

Question 10

What is ecotourism?

Answer 10

A specialised form of tourism where people experience relatively untouched natural environments such as coral reefs, tropical forests, remote mountain areas ensure that their presence does not further damage to these environments

Question 11

what are the overall factors affecting global trade

Answer 11

resource endowment historical factors locational advantage trade agreements

Question 12

reasons for the increasing popularity of ecotourism

Answer 12

new experiences and environments effective media coverage education increased interest in evenironmentally friendly activity unattractiveness of tradiicstional tourism - life cycle model, mass tourism lowering cost of ecotourism per person as supply increases

Question 13

what are the three functions of the WTO

Answer 13

Police free trade agreements Settle trade disputes between governments Organise trade negotiations

Question 14

what are the overall reasons for the rapid growth in international tourism?

Answer 14

Rise in incomes Increased leisure time Increased mobility Increased promotion through media coverage Major sporting events Increased international migration Political freedom

Question 15

how do the rise in incomes lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?

Answer 15

More incomes gives poeple after they have paid for their basic needs Disposable money that they could spend on lesiure activities and tourism

Question 16

how do the increased leisure time lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?

Answer 16

This is caused by a shorter working weak, flexitime, paid annual holidays, earlier retirement with pension Several holidays may now be taken by people in one year

Question 17

how does increased mobility lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?

Answer 17

A result of private car ownership, improved roads; a decrease in the cost of air travel and the expansion of budget airlines like Ryanair More flights to more places ban ever before In 1970 there were 307 million airline passengers By 3016 this is 3.6 billion

Question 18

how does the increased promotion through media coverage lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?

Answer 18

Television Magazine The internet different holiday destinations and types of holiday

Question 19

how does major sporting events lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?

Answer 19

eg winter and summer olympic games world championship athletics football rugby and cricket world cups all advertise tourist opportunities

Question 20

how does increased international migration lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?

Answer 20

encouraging more people to visit relatives and friends abroad

Question 21

how does greater political freedom lead to the rapid growth in international tourism?

Answer 21

since the breakup of the former USSR and changes in Chinese travel policies

Question 22

what are the environmental advantages of tourism?

Answer 22

environmental protection and the conservation and preservation of wildlife due to: the use of revenues from tourism to enhance and manage environments use of green taxes from tourism contributed to the protection and management of environment environmental education - raised awareness of the importance of local and industrial environment conservation of heritage eg ancient sites, old sites, old buildings, urban heritage, old industrial sites for visits tree planting, landscaping improves the aesthetics of the area water supply schemes

Question 23

social and cultural advantages?

Answer 23

an increased understanding of different people’s cultural and customs increased cultural links with other countries increased foreign language skills for both visitors and hosts increased social and recreational facilities for local people the preservation of traditional heritage sites and customs

Question 24

social and cultural disadvantages of tourism?

Answer 24

demonstration effect - local people may copy the actions of some tourists in terms of dress diets habits and alcohol (traditional values abandoned) increase in prostitution and development of sex tourism young people may drop out from school to work in the informal tourist industry and earn money as unofficial guides or selling souvenirs people may be moved from their houses and land to make way for tourist development local landowners may sell large areas of land and coastline to non local or foreign buyers who may then deny access to local people

Question 25

what are the general economic disadvantages of tourism?

Answer 25

seasonal unemployment leakage over dependent on tourism water shortages low paid and low skilled jobs

Question 26

how is seasonal unemployment an economic disadvantage of tourism?

Answer 26

if people come for summer sun or winter skiing the rest of the year may mean fre or no tourists therefore little or no employment tropical wet seasons and monsoons discourage tourists at certain times of the year

Question 27

how is over dependence on tourism an economic disadvantage of tourism?

Answer 27

should a natural or human disaster to occur there is little alternative income tunisia and egypt witnessed a dramatic fall in tourist numbers in 2011 and 2012 as a result of political changes and turmoil terrorist activity has seen several foreign governments advise against travelling to these places

Question 28

how is leakage an economic disadvantage of tourism?

Answer 28

airlines hotels and tourist activities in LICs may be foreign often owned by large TNCs this means 60-75% per cent of tourist income may either never come to may leave the LiC many tourists may spend most of their money in hotels going on trips organised by their hotels so having little impact on the wider economy

Question 29

how are low lid low skilled jobs an economic disadvantage of tourism?

Answer 29

many of the higher skilled and better paid jobs are taken by foreigners

Question 30

how is a growth in income an economic advantage of tourism

Answer 30

this has a national and local impact it provides extra finance for new developments in infrastructure education and healthcare etc both the tohrist industries and the employed workers will usually pay taxes to their governments which increase government income this helps pay for major infrastructure developments eg healthcare education water and energetic supply this may be used both by tourists and the local population

Question 31

how is foreign currency an economic advantage of tourism?

Answer 31

this helps pay for goods and services imported from abroad

Question 32

how is multiplier effect an economic advantage of tourism?

Answer 32

it can encourage other developments to take place in an area

Question 33

how is informal sector an economic advantage of tourism?

Answer 33

increasing employment oppertunitird it can help reduce migration especially from rural areas this employment can be in small cafes, hotels, souvenir shops, tour guides, local taxied etc informal sector prevents leakage

Question 34

describe the involvement stage of butlers model

Answer 34

follows where local people are involved in providing local facilities for tourists eg simple accommodation an eating place or transport such as taxis a tourist season then emerges

Question 35

describe the development stage of butlers model

Answer 35

sees inward investment into th area and tourism becomes a discrete important business activity companies and individual come into the area and start to take control, manage and organise the tourism industry creating package holidays local involvement diminished

Question 36

describe the consolidation stage of butlers model

Answer 36

former agricultural land is take over for hotel and other tourist developments beaches and other areas become reserved for tourist use only local resentment at this development may increase and the growth rate may decelerate

Question 37

describe the stagnation stage of butlers model

Answer 37

this may take place with further resentment at the development and the problems it is creating with a drop in tourist numbers

Question 38

describe the decline stage of butlers model

Answer 38

a location becomes rundown damaged or no longer fashionable

Question 39

describe the rejuvenation stage of butlers model

Answer 39

this may occur if a place becomes rebranded or circumstances fhange to make a place popular once more usually involves investment

Question 40

reasons for the increasing popularity of ecotourism?

Answer 40

a search for new experiences and environments effective promotion or media coverage the increasing unattractiveness of more traditional forms of tourism eg mass tourism education increased interest in environmentally friendly or green activities lowering costs of ecotourism per person as supply increases

Question 41

social factors that explain the rise of niche tourism?

Answer 41

changes in fashion search for new experiences greater environmental awareness health and fitness boom boredom with old destinations media influence; peer group activity and tales age/sex profile of population and poeple having more and longer holidays

Question 42

economic factors for tourist consumers that explain the rise of niche tourism?

Answer 42

greater affluence and disposable income greater proportion of their personal budget being spent on tourists good deals from tour operators and favourable exchange rates

Question 43

economic factors for tourist providers that explain the rise of niche tourism?

Answer 43

potential profit exploitation of new markets eco tourism aim to assist local economies marketing strategies

Question 44

what are the environmental disadvantages of tourism?

Answer 44

pollution footpath erosion destruction of wildlife habitats disturbance to animal behaviour beach degradation damage to coral reefs

Question 45

issues with dominance of tourism in a country

Answer 45

dependency/ reliance and so vulnerable to external shocks e.g. Tunisia 2015 shooting seasonality, especially for climate dependent attractions (empty beds, unemployment) impacts on local economy, e.g. employment, currency, prices/leakage social/cultural impacts, e.g. westernisation, diet (Saigon in Vietnam mirrors New York or London with chains such as Starbucks, grid pattern of development – decline in traditional housing) environmental degradation e.g. pollution (Yellowstone national park), waste (cruise ships), water depletion (golf courses), litter (Toilet Trail) tourism life cycle issues, e.g. stagnation, decline, insufficient funds for rejuvenation e.g. Blackpool highly centralised management of TNC, out of touch with local area driven by profit

Question 46

what are the difficulties of managing tourist destinations

Answer 46

carrying capacity e.g. in arid areas more difficult, (tourism in Namibia) fragile eco-systems, lack of water seasonality (especially for climate dependent attractions): market trends. threats of external shocks e.g. Tunisia shooting, natural degradation e.g. Maldives language/culture barriers stakeholders: reconciling the needs of local residents and tourists, or meeting the exacting requirements of foreign-owned tour companies. Driven by profit motivation.

Question 47

what are the effects of peak season tourism on the host country?

Answer 47

beds taken at or beyond carrying capacity stress or conflict for tourists and local people congestion

Question 48

what are the effects of out of season tourism on the host country?

Answer 48

hotels low occupancy or temporarily closed unemployment low revenue shops closed services unavailable opportunities to do repairs

Question 49

how can tohrist destinations attempt to manage seasonal demand?

Answer 49

conference trade buisness tourism special theme event holidays special deals advertising in other parts of the world with different holiday patterns or periods eg winter sun in new zealand

Question 50

reasons for the decline in popularity of sun sea sand tourism?

Answer 50

boredom with traditional holidays / changes in fashion as people search for new experiences. This is only possible due to rise of package holidays to a wider range of destinations, the increase price of income by 1.3x, the increase in airline rewards schemes etc. This makes new, further afield (often more expensive) holidays accessible to a wider cross-section of people. promotion and advertising of alternatives especially through increased social media presence. This means that there is a lesser information failure – the world beyond the Costa Del Sol is available for everyone, at least digitally. Unusual and exotic travel destinations are glamourized, increasing the desirability of ever more bizarre places. deterioration of facilities and coastal environments as they enter the decline stage of butlers model. Insufficient demand means that there is a lack of FDI for rejuvenation, according to the dictates of the market. The effects of mass tourism are felt in terms of poor management, environmental degradation, cultural erosion and social unrest. concern for responsible or sustainable tourism

Question 51

explain how carrying capacity is linked to the life cycle model of tourism?

Answer 51

maximum capacity without deterioration is reached in stagnation after this point the resort has decisions to make regarding future development or decline in earlier stages the resort is able to expand acidified and area to cope with rising numbers such that visitor experienve is by affected

Question 52

demand factors for the growth of international tourism?

Answer 52

time affluence fashion interests numbers eg rising middle class in China/retired populations

Question 53

supply factors for the growth of international tourism?

Answer 53

TNC resort development tourism strategy package holidays niche tourism ecotourism

Question 54

facilitating factors for the growth of international tourism?

Answer 54

transport media advertising ease of obtaining visas

Question 55

demand factors for the growth of international tourism?

Answer 55

time affluence fashion interests numbers eg rising middle class in China/retired populations

Question 56

supply factors for the growth of international tourism?

Answer 56

TNC resort development tourism strategy package holidays niche tourism ecotourism

Question 57

facilitating factors for the growth of international tourism?

Answer 57

transport media advertising ease of obtaining visas

Question 58

benefits of high employment in tourism on the economy

Answer 58

direct and indirect employment increased income - multiplier effect taxation revenue increase

Question 59

reasons for the continued popularity of mass tourism?

Answer 59

cheap (package deals) ease media influence development and rejuvenation holiday entikitmrnrt growth of disposable income

Question 60

why is mass tourism important?

Answer 60

ability to generate wealth for: area companies individuals via investment individual tourists get the holiday they want

Question 61

how does ecotourism avoid the negative impacts assoicated with traditional tourism?

Answer 61

conception commitments stakeholders scale awareness building education programme investment of profits in local community

Question 62

what are the physical components of carrying capacity

Answer 62

natural systems and limits imposed by infrastructure eg water supply transportation accommodation

Question 63

what are the socio cultural components of carrying capacity?

Answer 63

levels of tolerance of the host community sense of identity nature of visitors availability of suitable man power

Question 64

ecotourism

Answer 64

form of sustainable tourism features the environment and or ecosystem it aims to do threee things to protect the environment sustain enhance and empower local communities benefit the destination economically minimising leakage

Question 65

advantages of developing tourism as ecotourism

Answer 65

protects the environment offers a phased approach for investment limits impact on local communities gives potential visitors choice of activities and places to go

Question 66

negative impacts of vietnam’s tourism

Answer 66

environment 80% of international tourists arrive by air coast erosion at Hoi An economic seasonable employment (notable wet or dry season) inflation due to foreign investment eg Hyett social westernisation (language food cultural) rural urban migration privatisation (gov owned land sold off)

Question 67

positive impacts of vietnam tourism

Answer 67

political increased international standing WTO 2002 economic move through DTM 2006 ($2.4bn income) 4% of GDP social greater cultural protection eg Hue Citadel minority cultures promoted eg Cham improved entrepreneurship eg tour or taxi infrastructure improved eg new roads or water environment new national parks eg Cat Tiem NP protection of Javan Rhino

Question 68

political reasons for vietnam’s tourism

Answer 68

deregulation decreased private ownership increased eg boastmen on the Mekong IR is less aggressive joined the WTO relaxed immigration

Question 69

supply reasons for growth of tourism

Answer 69

5.8% GDP invested in infrastructure 2,000kn of new highways metro in Hanoi Vietnam railways 300 kph Hanoi to Saigon Diversifying economy eg NasaWorld casino built on the Mekong Delta

Question 70

demand reasons for the growth in tourism

Answer 70

attractive exchange rate rich cultural diversity eg Halong Bay, UNESCO heritage site 2012 5.5 million visits one of the 7 wonders Mekong delta sees traditional ways of life Cu Chi Tunnels used by vietcong in war, niche war tourism

Question 71

describe vietnam’s tourist growth

Answer 71

1990s investment from Korea Japan and Taiwan 2007 WTO membership new airport in Danang Roads but to tourist areas eg from hanoi to halong bay more than 10 million in 2016, 26% increase from the last 2015 20 million visitors by 2020 repeat visits only 10%

Question 72

example of a health care external shock

Answer 72

SARS in 2003 China Hong Kong Vietnam 777 deaths in 36 countries hotel occupancy down 70%

Question 73

example of a natural processes external shock

Answer 73

maldives destroyed by 2085 vulnerable to surge flooding and warming seas 70% increased erosion on the beaches

Question 74

example of a natural disasters external shock

Answer 74

2010 iceland volcanic eruption prevent travel ruin infrastructure down 100,000 flights

Question 75

example of a terrorism external shock

Answer 75

2015 tunisia mass shooting, 38 killed in 2016 completely cancelled Tunisia program on Thompson 90% drop i. British tourists

Question 76

example of political uncertainty shocking the tourist industry?

Answer 76

tourists fear for safety thailand riots occupied airport 2006-10 hotel occupancy down to 20% 85% of your operators didn’t invest BUT doesn’t neccesarily deter tourists eg Cuba partial trade embargo, worsened IR under Trump visitors up 12% annually predicted future growth

Question 77

example of sustainable tourist resorts

Answer 77

Hideaway Redort Fiji located on coconut plantation words second largest coral reef village owns hotels land and reef

Question 78

how is the hideaway resort socially sustainable

Answer 78

community traditional bures local choir welcome lava ceremony high roofed wood straw Fijian cottages people 95% of staff are Fijian, income st improved secure electricity and modern school building increase in young people staying in local area

Question 79

how is the hideaway resort environmentally sustainable

Answer 79

locally managed marine area can’t be fished increase in fish stocks by half better state of coral reef

Question 80

how is the hideaway resort sustainable in terms of infrastructure

Answer 80

air conditioning rarely used high roof cottages encourages cool flooding area via open shutters

Question 81

what are the stages of Butlers Model

Answer 81

exploration involvement development consolidation stagnation rejuvenation

Question 82

how does Majorca fit the discovery stage of butlers model?

Answer 82

1960s received left than half a million attracted based on the unspoilt beaches picturesque villages, in polluted seas

Question 83

how does Majorca fit the involvement and development stage of butlers model?

Answer 83

Locals gained jobs in construction hotels shops farmland lost due to development road congestion no proper planning of roads hotels villas

Question 84

how does Majorca fit the consolidation stage of butlers model?

Answer 84

1980s arrivals rose to 7.5 million up to 70% population employed which dominated economy blighted the landscape resentful tourists

Question 85

how does Majorca fit the stagnation stage of butlers model?

Answer 85

1990s unemployment rose to 30% bars and cafes closed as older resorts appear rundown magaluf gains a poor reputation

Question 86

how does Majorca fit the rejuvination stage of butlers model?

Answer 86

only high class hotels gained planning permsiion 2000s new airport terminal built gardens and nature reserve opened to attract ecotourists success; records nos of tourists - 2013, 9 million

Question 87

identify circumstances were he carrying capacity of tourism might be exceeds?

Answer 87

peak season, public holidays, weekends special events, media attention eg fashion week lack of regulation or control

Question 88

what reasons could explain a decline in tourist numbers

Answer 88

life cycle model, decline - area is run down no longer fashionable, no rejuvination uncertain nature of the market disease recession pollution political instability

Question 89

example of environmental impact of tourism (water resources)

Answer 89

average golf course needs 1500kg of fertilisers pesticides and herbicides per year as much water as 60,000 rural villagers THAILAND

Question 90

example of environmental impact of tourism (sound pollution)

Answer 90

yellowstone national park snowmobiles can be heard 100% of the time during the daytime period change in animal activity patterns

Question 91

example of environmental impact of tourism (air pollution)

Answer 91

tour buses often leave motors running for hours while tourists go on excursions return to a heated or air conditioned bus

Question 92

example of environmental impact of tourism (waste)

Answer 92

wider caribbean 63,000 port calls generate 82,000 tons of garbage 4x per person the amount of people in onshore countries peru toilet paper trail (inability to transport)

Question 93

example of environmental impact of tourism (aesthetic pollution)

Answer 93

lack of land use planning and building regulation sprawling development costa del sol implications for sea turtle nesting

Question 94

advantage of developing tourism as ecotourism

Answer 94

protects the environment; offers a phased approach for investment; limits impact on local communities; gives potential visitors choice of activities and places to go; more secure than ‘all eggs in one basket’

Question 95

list the disadvantages with butlers model

Answer 95

Unequal timings: fails to account that some destinations pass through the model in a few decades, whilst others could take a century. Rigidity: fails to account for destinations that may skip a step External shocks: can disrupt, pause or increase the lifecycle of tourism. Subjective/ambiguous: issues of measurement Flawed theory: based on Malthusian values Vague: it covers both tourist destinations and resorts

Question 96

explain why unequal time frame is a disdvantage of butlers model

Answer 96

the model fails to account for the fact that some destinations pass through the model in a few decades, whilst others could take a century also destinations that may skip a step

Question 97

explain why external shocks are a criticism of butlers model

Answer 97

it fails to account for them they can disrupt, pause or increase the lifecycle of tourism. Increased vulnerability in the modern age due to large scale media presence and so importance of public perception. E.g. 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Tunisia beach attacks

Question 98

explain why subjectivity is a criticism of butlers model

Answer 98

: issues of measurement e.g. at involvement level, are local residents being involved more important than the emergence of a clear tourism season.

Question 99

explain why flawed theory is a criticsm of butlers model

Answer 99

based on Malthusian values which have largely been disproved. Fails to account for Bourlag’s green revolution: when applied to tourism, the market is finding new and sustainable ways to prevent exceeding carrying capacity

Question 100

explain why butlers model is criticised for being vague

Answer 100

it covers both tourist destinations and resorts: a single resort may be highly sustainable but an entire destination may simultaneously promote waste and conflict

Question 101

explain the flexibility advantage with butlers model

Answer 101

can be applied beyond typical 1980s mass tourism, but also Christmas at Lapland in 2010, conference tourism in the UK 2008 and development of wine tourism in Croatia

Question 102

example of disaster tourism

Answer 102

Disaster tourism e.g. Chernobyl disaster (1986) was the worst nuclear accident ever seen. Tourists visit Chernobyl’s exclusion zone, a 30km radius inclosing the contaminated land around the power plant through tourist firms. Fascination with the post-apocalyptic scenes of abandonment and decay, a city frozen in time e.g. particularly the Pripyat amusement park. Additional sense of historical tourism as Soviet artefacts of propaganda, murals and abandoned classrooms still evident.

Question 103

describe the rise of religous tourism

Answer 103

Religious tourism involves people travelling individually or in groups for pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure purposes. Been around for centuries e.g. pilgramiges to Canterbury According to the World Tourism Organization, an estimated 300 to 330 million pilgrims visit the world's key religious sites every year. For example, the total number of tourists to Mecca, is expected to rise from about 12 million to almost 17 million by 2025; generating at least $12 billion in revenues from worshippers’ lodging, transport, gifts, food and fees. Abraj Al-Bait, finished in 2011, is a government-owned megatall complex of seven skyscraper hotels in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. These towers are a part of the Endowment Project that strives to modernize the city in catering to its pilgrims.

Question 104

explain why the rise in sustainable tourism explains the delcine in mass tourism

Answer 104

Rise of responsible / sustainable tourism, as global warming, climate change, plastic and deforestation come to the forefront of public concern. Resorts that incorporate, rather than infringe upon the environment have risen in prominence, such as the traditional Hideaway Resort in Fiji or the modernist Mashipi Lodge in the Ecuadorian rainforest. Beyond environmental factors, social sustainability has also risen in prominence, the globalisation of culture and a sense of cosmopolitan ‘global identity’ has caused an increase in concern for the preservation of traditional cultures, or the incorporation of ancient cultures into tourism e.g. safaris incorporating local tribal walk into their resort at Londolozi Lodge in South Africa.

Question 105

positive social/cultural impacts of tourism in vietnam

Answer 105

Money is spent on improving and building museums which protect cultural heritage e.g. War Remnants Museum and Ethnology Museum Important cultural locations like Hue Citadel, My Son and the Temple of Literature are being afforded greater protection as more tourists visit. Some minority cultures are being promoted e.g. Cham and M'Nong. It is possible to visit their villages, sample their food, by their crafts and even try and learn their languages.

Question 106

positive economic impacts of tourism in vietnam

Answer 106

Employment growth due to rising demand for their products from a greater number of tourists to Hoi An (who purchase their products in shops in Hoi An) and from increased visits by tourists to the villages surrounding Hoi An Thanh Ha (specialized in pottery production) Kim Bong (specialized in woodcarving and carpentry), Tra Que (specialized in herbs and vegetable production) Pulls people out of poverty. Hoi An has a lower proportion of “poor” people than the national average. In 2007, only 6.5 percent of households of Hoi An were considered poor while nationally the rate was 14.7 percent. Transportation links improved. Ton Son Nhat airport in Ho Chi Minh City and Noi Bai airport in Hanoi have both been rebuilt. The Reunification Express (trainline) is also been upgraded along with Highway 1 running the length of the country.

Question 107

positive environmental impact of tourism in vietnam

Answer 107

With tourist interest new national parks are being created e.g. Cat Tien National Park and being protected more (rare and endangered Javan rhino)

Question 108

negative environmental impacts of tourism in vietnam

Answer 108

Halong Bay, known for its towering limestone columns topped with rainforest, and clear waters is under threat from regular and intensive tourist visitation. An average of 5,500 tourists each day embark on cruises through the UNESCO World Heritage Site, one of Vietnam’s most popular natural destinations Tourist development can often lead to deforestation and damage to sand dune systems. Vietnam has seen massive growth along the coast near Mui Ne and Hoi An.

Question 109

negative social impacts of toursim in vietnam

Answer 109

Gentrification is occurring in the major cities (Hoi An, Saigon). Whereas the old quarter used to have a local hospital, this space is now used by a large tailoring business; the last pharmacy selling traditional medicine in the old quarter has been relocated to an outlying area and the space is now used as a souvenir shop. Exclusive landownership as the increase in the price of land (as a result of tourism development and the “World Heritage site” label) has led to land ownership being out of reach to all but the wealthiest residents. This has led many local fishing villages to be evicted without adequate compensation. Loss of tradition activities that were once part of locals’ daily life are now presented as if in a theatre,and are at risk of no longer being practised for traditional purposes. For example, traditional rituals are practiced for tourist entertainment, rather than for spiritual reasons

Question 110

negative economic impacts of tourism impacts

Answer 110

Increased commodity prices as tourist numbers have grown, demand for almost all commodities has increased accordingly, driving up the price of many products. Relatively expensive products that are in high demand by tourists, such as seafood, for example, are now almost unaffordable for many local residents. At the same time, the supply of seafood is declining because marine resources are not being harvested sustainably, exarcabating this.

Question 111

WTO definition of carrying capacity

Answer 111

he maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction.