Tourism Cluster 1: Tourism activity

Question 1

1.1 Tourist system

A tourism system comprises three _______ components:
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Answer 1

-Interconnected

-Tourist generating regions
-Tourist destination regions
-Transit routes

Question 2

1.1 Tourism system

Key points:
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Answer 2

-The volume and direction of travel between regions are influenced by transit routes
-The movement of tourists from a generating to a destination region occurs due to a combination of push-pull factors
-Tourists, businesses and organisations at tourist generating and destination regions are interdependent.
-Tourism activities interact with nature, communities and economies in the local environment and beyond
-Changes to any part of the tourism system could affect the local and wider environment, and vice versa.

Question 3

1.1 Tourism system

What is a tourist?
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Answer 3

-A tourist is a person who makes a trip outside his/her usual environment for leisure/personal purposes
-The trip may be completed within the same day or may last several days, requiring overnight stays

Question 4

1.1 Tourism system

Tourists can be classified into:
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-?

Answer 4

-Domestic tourists: tourists who travel within their own country
-International tourists: tourists who travel abroad to another country

Question 5

1.1 Tourism system

What is a tourist generating region?
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Answer 5

It is the region where tourists come from, and where people and businesses that offer tourism products and experiences (such as tour operators) may be based

Question 6

1.1 Tourism system

What is a tourist destination region?
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Answer 6

It is the region which attracts tourists. Attractions, amenities and facilities which cater to the needs of tourists are located here. It is also the region that experiences the consequences of tourism development

Question 7

1.1 Tourism system

What is a transit route?
-?

(The components of tourism systems function to enable people to travel from the tourist generating to destination regions. They are interconnected - each component can affect and be affected by other components)

Answer 7

It is the region or route a tourist travels through to reach their destination. This route links the tourist destination regions to the tourist generating regions. They include stopover points which might be used for convenience or because of the existence of attractions

Question 8

1.1 Tourism system

When do the availability of transit routes influence the volume & direction of travel/influence travel between regions?
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Example:

Answer 8

-When there are limited/inconvenient transit routes, the volume of travel between the regions might be low
-When there are more transit routes available, the volume of travel might increase
-When there are convenient /attractive transit routes available, the direction of travel might change. Tourists might choose to travel via the transit route instead of travelling directly to the destination region
Example: The lack of direct flights between SG & Brazil & the inconvenient transit routes between them result in fewer tourists travelling from SG to Brazil

Question 9

1.1 Tourism system

What is the relationship between tourist generating and destination regions?
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Answer 9

-The movement of tourists from generating to destination regions occurs due to a combination of push-pull factors
-Tourists, businesses and organisations in tourist generating and destination regions are mutually dependent

Question 10

1.1 Tourism system

______ _______ regions create push factors
______ _______ regions create pull factors

Answer 10

-tourist generating regions
-tourist destination regions

Question 11

1.1 Tourism system

What are push factors?
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Answer 11

-They are factors that cause a tourist to want to leave the generating region. These factors may be caused by the environment in the generating region. These include:
-Stressful work environments
-Unpleasant living environments, including overcrowding and pollution
-Lack of recreational and entertainment options

Question 12

1.1 Tourism system

What are pull factors?
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Answer 12

-They are qualities in tourist destination regions that attract tourists. These include:
-Places of scenic beauty
-Special events such as concerts or festivals
-Attractions, facilities, and amenities that that provide positive experiences

Question 13

1.1 Tourism system

How does the movement of tourists from generating to destination regions occur due to a combination of push-pull factors?
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Answer 13

-Tourist generating regions create push factors, while destination regions create pull factors
-The interplay between the push and pull factors result in tourists developing the motivation or need to travel
-For instance, a tourist might travel due to:
-Push factor: stress from work
-Pull factor: Destination region offers relaxation activities
-Each tourist’s decision to travel is based on different combinations of push-pull factors

Question 14

1.1 Tourism system

What are push factors at generating regions?
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Answer 14

-Factors that cause a tourist to want to leave the generating region. These include:
-Stressful work environments
-Unpleasant living environments, including overcrowding and pollution
-Lack of recreational and entertainment options

Question 15

1.1 Tourism system

What are pull factors at destination regions?
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Answer 15

-Qualities in tourist destination regions that attract tourists. These include:
-Places of scenic beauty
-Special events such as concerts or festivals
-Attractions, facilities, and amenities that provide positive experiences

Question 16

1.1 Tourism system

How are tourists, businesses, and organisations in tourist generating and destination regions mutually dependent?
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Answer 16

-Tourists require the services of tour operators in tourist destination regions to plan their trips
-Tour operators depend on hotels in tourist destination regions in order to plan accommodation for tourists
-Hotels depend on tour operators to direct tourists to them in order to earn profits

Question 17

1.1 Tourism system

Tourism can interact with nature, communities and economies within the local environment and beyond in ___ and ____ ___.
For instance(examples, no need to memorise):
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-?

Answer 17

-Positive, negative ways

-When tourists visit a nature park and irresponsibly leave behind waste, the environment may be degraded
-When tourists pay local villagers to teach them how to create traditional pottery, they generate revenue for the villagers. This contributes to the local economy and helps to preserve local tradition

Question 18

1.1 Tourism system

How does tourism interact with nature, communities, and economies within the local environment and beyond?
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Answer 18

-tourism is now a global industry and influences local economies and beyond
-Tourism contributed more than US$4 trillion to the global economy in 2024
-Tourism activities also impact environments beyond the tourism destination
-Changes in nature, communities, and economies within the environment can affect the tourism system, and vice versa

Question 19

1.1 Tourism system

How do tourism activities impact environments beyond the tourism destination?
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Answer 19

-Tourism contributes to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change and its impact on environments

Question 20

1.1 Tourism system

Changes in nature, communities, and economies within the environment can affect the tourism system, and vice versa. How and why?
-?

Answer 20

-Events occurring in tourist generating regions may affect the desire to travel among potential tourists, affecting the number of tourists travelling through transit routes and arriving at destination regions

Question 21

1.1 Tourism system

Events occurring in tourist generating regions may affect the desire to travel among potential tourists, affecting the number of tourists travelling through transit routes and arriving at destination regions. Elaborate more (understand, rather than memorise):
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Answer 21

-Economic downturn in tourist generating regions results in less demand for travel
-This means fewer tourist pass through transit routes
-Incomes in the tourist destination region and transit routes decrease
-Environmental damage is reduced
-New attraction opens at a tourist destination region
-Returning tourists share their positive experiences at the new attraction
-There is an increase in motivation to travel to the destination region
-The number of travellers increases
-Greater incomes are generated at both transit routes and destination regions

Question 22

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism

What are the factors that contribute to tourism growth?
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Answer 22

-Motivation to travel
-Ability to travel
-Mobility in travel

Question 23

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism

What does the motivation to travel refer to?
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Answer 23

-The motivation to travel refers to a set of needs that can be satisfied by travelling

Question 24

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism

The motivation to travel refers to a set of needs that can be satisfied by travelling. These needs are created by ____________. These include:
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Answer 24

-A combination of push and pull factors of tourist generating and destination regions respectively

-The need for relaxation
-The need to discover unique travel experiences
-The need to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment

Question 25

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism Why has the motivation to travel increased? -?

Answer 25

-The motivation to travel has increased due to globalisation. This is due to greater access to media sources. People are thus becoming more aware of different travel opportunities

Question 26

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism Why do people travel due to the need for relaxation? -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 26

-The increasing pressures of work and hectic lifestyles have increased people's motivation to travel to relieve stress -Increasingly, many see travel as a way to rest and rejuvenate -People travel to different destinations and engage in different tourist activities to relax -Some seek nature to escape their urban environment, rest, and enjoy scenic views -Others prefer recreational activities like visiting theme parks which provide them with a different routine from their daily lives, and enable them to escape from their stress and worries

Question 27

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About people travelling more due to the need to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment: -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 27

-People increasingly consider travelling as a way for self-growth and to achieve their fullest potential -Travelling allows them to develop themselves further by learning something new or improving their existing knowledge and skills -Hence, they may choose a travel destination where they can pick up a new skill by learning from the locals -Some also participate in activities that are challenging or adventurous such as mountain climbing or skydiving to fulfil their potential -By participating in these activities, they feel that they are being stretched physically and emotionally, and therefore achieve personal growth

Question 28

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism Why do some people travel to gain unique travel experiences? -?

Answer 28

-Some people travel to gain unique travel experiences in order to satisfy their curiosity about the world

Question 29

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About people travelling due to the need to discover unique travel experiences: -? -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 29

-Travelling allows them to explore different environments and cultures that are not widely known -They often seek places that are less travelled to -They may also participate in special or uncommon tourism activities -Social media has raised interest in unique destinations and activities, especially among younger travellers -With globalisation, vast transport networks are connecting remote places to major cities, making them more accessible -Hence, remote and unique places around the world are experiencing a rise in tourism numbers

Question 30

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism Does everyone have the same motivation to travel? -?

Answer 30

-No. Individuals have varying needs and hence, the motivation to travel is unique

Question 31

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism Why do different people have different motivations to travel? -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 31

-Some travel for relaxation while others travel to fulfil their curiosity about places that are less commonly visited -In addition, tourists are often motivated to travel to fulfil not just one need, but a mix of needs -Often, when tourists visit a destination, they aim to fulfil different needs, rather than just one need -Tourists will therefore participate in different activities in one destination to cater to their different travel motivations -Different tourist activities can fulfil the needs of tourists differently

Question 32

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism What does an increase in ability to travel result in? -?

Answer 32

-An increase in the ability to travel leads to the growht of tourism

Question 33

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism The ability to travel refers to ________________. These include: -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 33

-the conditions that allow an individual to make trips -Increase in disposable incomes -Increase in leisure time -Business innovations in the tourism-related industry -Lower transport costs -Lower accommodation costs

Question 34

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism An increase in disposable incomes allows an individual to make trips, increasing their ability to travel. More about this topic: -? -? Example:

Answer 34

-After World War II, economic development led to an increase in disposable incomes in north America, Western Europe and Japan. This resulted in greater spending on travel, fueling tourism growth -Today, in rapidly developing countries like China and India, a fast-growing middle class with increased disposable incomes is causing a large demand for tourism Example: In China, as GDP quadrupled, international tourism grew from about 9 mil departures in 1999, to about 154 mil departures in 2019

Question 35

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism What does leisure time refer to? -?

Answer 35

-Leisure time refers to the time when people are free from work responsibilities

Question 36

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About increase in leisure time contributing to tourism growth: -? -? -?

Answer 36

-Since the 1950s, in both developed and less developed countries, governments and businesses have given people more leisure time -This comes in the form of increased paid leave, more public holidays and shorter working weeks, which gives people more time to travel -This increase in paid leave also increases the ability of workers to finance their travels

Question 37

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About business innovations in the tourism-related industry and how it contributes to the increase in the ability to travel and (consequently) the growth in tourism: -? -? -?

Answer 37

-The ability to travel is made possible by business innovations that provide value-for-money experiences -With businesses offering more affordable travel options, demand for tourism has increased -Today, tour operators are increasingly replaced by a variety of websites and applications that provide more personalised and value-for-money travel experiences

Question 38

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About lower transport costs and how they contribute to the increase in the ability to travel: -? -? -? -?

Answer 38

-International tourism relies heavily on air transport, which has become increasingly affordable -Over the years, air fares have significantly dropped, especially with the emergence of budget airlines -Budget airlines offer air tickets at significantly lower prices, lowering transport costs, especially for international travel -They do this by using fuel-efficient planes, which reduce fuel costs, and by flying to airports with cheaper fees

Question 39

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About lower accommodation costs and how they contribute to the growth in the ability to travel: -? -? -? -?

Answer 39

-Over the years, the variety of accommodation types has increased, from rented properties to hotels and bed and breakfast stays -Business innovations such as AirBnB has made it possible for property owners to rent their properties out to tourists, at different prices -This wide variety caters to a range of different budgets, making tourism with lower accommodation costs possible -This has enabled travelling to be more affordable

Question 40

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism An increase in mobility leads to the growth of tourism. Mobility in travel refers to_____________. In many countries, mobility in travel has increased due to: -? -? -?

Answer 40

-the ability to move around easily and conveniently to tourist destinations -Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure -Introduction of new modes of travel -Increase in private car ownership

Question 41

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About the expansion of public transport services and infrastructure: -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 41

-In recent years, more countries are constructing transport infrastructure such as roads, railways and airports -Connectivity within different parts of a country, as well as between countries has increased -Tourists can travel to more places in much shorter times -Many countries have also expanded their network of public transport services by increasing the number of public bus and train routes -Travelling within the destination region has also become more convenient for tourists, leading to tourism growth

Question 42

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About the introduction of new modes of travel: -? -? -?

Answer 42

-The rapid development of transportation technology has resulted in new modes of travel -Tourists can now travel faster and further via land, sea and air transport -Commercial air travel has also greatly boosted travel

Question 43

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism How has commercial air travel greatly boosted travel? -? -? -? -?

Answer 43

-Since the 1950s, technological developments enabled the production of aircrafts that can travel faster and further and are more fuel-efficient. This has resulted in: -Reduced travelling time -Increased convenience of travelling long distances -Lower travelling costs

Question 44

1.2 Reasons that led to the growth of tourism About increased private car ownership and how it has boosted tourism: -? -? -?

Answer 44

-Private car ownership allows families to travel comfortably and conveniently in their own vehicles to nearby attractions for leisure -Travelling in private cars allow for more freedom in the number of destinations one can visit and the time spent at each destination -The increase in private car ownership has especially boosted domestic tourism

Question 45

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time The tourism industry is very ______. Tourism destinations evolve and change over time. They tend to progress through 6 different stages: -? -? -? -? -? -? Do all destinations go through all 6 stages in a linear fashion? -? -?

Answer 45

-dynamic -Exploration -Involvement -Development -Consolidation -Stagnation -Decline/Rejuvenation -No. -While some destinations skip certain stages, in general, most tourist destinations follow similar stages of development

Question 46

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the progress of tourist destination regions: -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 46

-As it progresses, its key features and the number of tourist arrivals evolve -A tourist destination grows in popularity when investors, tourist, and tour operators move into a newly discovered location -Over time, however, it may lose its popularity and start to decline -The destination can regain popularity if measures are taken to rejuvenate the place -Otherwise, the tourist destination declives

Question 47

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the exploration stage in terms of: -Tourist arrivals: -? -?

Answer 47

-A small number of adventurous tourists travel there individually -Visits are irregular and do not occur throughout the year

Question 48

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the exploration stage in terms of: -Tourists' contributions to local economy: -?

Answer 48

-Tourists make minimal contributions to the local economy

Question 49

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the exploration stage in terms of: -Features of destination: -? -? -? -?

Answer 49

-The destination possesses: -Natural attractions or features which offer scenic views or an attractive unspoilt natural environment -Cultural attractions with landmarks of historical or heritage value -Lack of facilities for tourists

Question 50

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the involvement stage in terms of: -Tourist arrivals: -? -? -?

Answer 50

-Increase in tourist arrivals due to an increase in advertisements and publicity -Tourist arrivals vary at different times of the year -Peak and non-peak tourists seasons develop

Question 51

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the involvement stage in terms of: -Tourists' contributions to local economy: -?

Answer 51

-Tourists' contribution to the local economy begin to grow

Question 52

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the involvement stage in terms of: -Features of destination: -? -? -?

Answer 52

-The destination experiences a rise in goods, services and facilities to cater to tourists -Goods and services are usually provided by locals -Amenities and facilities requested by locals are usually built and maintained by the local authorities

Question 53

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the development stage in terms of: -Tourist arrivals: -?

Answer 53

-Tourist arrivals increase rapidly

Question 54

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the development stage in terms of: -Tourists' contributions to local economy: -? -?

Answer 54

-Tourism sector employs a significant number of workers, contributing significantly to the local economy -Labour from other parts of the country and other countries will be attracted to work in the booming tourism sector of the destination

Question 55

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the development stage in terms of: -Features of destination: -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 55

-The number of attractions and facilities built increase rapidly -Large businesses build more elaborate facilities and man-made attractions -Heavy advertising of the destination -Increase in large and medium businesses in retail and leisure -Destination becomes recognised as a tourist destination

Question 56

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the consolidation stage in terms of: -Tourist arrivals: -? -?

Answer 56

-Total annual tourist arrivals at the destination outnumber the local population -Growth in annual tourist arrivals starts to slow

Question 57

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the consolidation stage in terms of: -Tourists' contributions to local economy -? -? -?

Answer 57

-Tourism industry: -Dominates the local economy -Continues to employ a significant number of workers and contributes significantly to the local economy

Question 58

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the consolidation stage in terms of: -Features of destination: -? -?

Answer 58

-Slowing down in the number of attractions and facilities built -Majority of tourist facilities and hotels are often owned by large multinational companies, supporting large numbers of tourists

Question 59

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the stagnation stage in terms of: -Tourist arrivals -? -?

Answer 59

-Tourist arrivals have peaked and begin to decline as the destination has reached or exceeded [carrying capacity] -Tourist arrivals exceed the maximum number of people the environment can accommodate, resulting in negative effects

Question 60

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the stagnation stage in terms of: -Tourists' contributions to local economy -?

Answer 60

-Contributions to the economy start to stagnate

Question 61

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the stagnation stage in terms of: -features of destination: -? -? -?

Answer 61

-Destination may no longer be attractive -Facilities and attractions may decline as they become old and run down -Tourists start to feel that the location no longer has anything to offer them in terms of experience or interest

Question 62

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the post-stagnation stage (decline) in terms of: -Tourist arrivals: -?

Answer 62

-Tourist arrivals decline significantly if no steps are taken to revive the destination

Question 63

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the post-stagnation stage (decline) in terms of: -Contributions to local economy: -?

Answer 63

-Contributions to the economy decline significantly

Question 64

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the post-stagnation stage (decline) in terms of: -Features of destination: -? -? -? -?

Answer 64

-Local businesses are affected and may close, negatively affecting the economy and livelihoods -Less money available to maintain and improve facilities -Facilities deteriorate further, leading to fewer tourists -This stage may not occur for all destinations

Question 65

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the post-stagnation stage (rejuvenation) in terms of: -Tourist arrivals: -? -? -?

Answer 65

-Destination becomes more attractive again by: -New investments to develop attractions and facilities -Re-branding of the destination leading to an increase in tourist arrivals again

Question 66

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the post-stagnation stage (rejuvenation) in terms of: -Tourists' contributions to local economy: -?

Answer 66

-Contributions to the economy increase again

Question 67

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time About the post-stagnation stage (rejuvenation) in terms of: -Features of destination: -? -? -? -?

Answer 67

-Funding provided to: -Redevelop the area (eg: building of new facilities and attractions), making it more attractive -Advertise the revamped tourist destination -This stage may not occur for all destinations

Question 68

1.3 Development of tourist destination regions over time Define carrying capacity: -?

Answer 68

-The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing negative consequences

Question 69

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists Different personality characteristics of tourists affect tourist destination regions. About these different personality types: -? 1.? 2.? -? -?

Answer 69

-There is a spectrum of personality characteristics. On the extreme ends of the spectrum, there are 2 broad personality "types": 1. Dependables 2. Venturers -Only a small group of tourists belong to these extreme ends -Most tourists would fall between these extremes, possessing a mixture of personality characteristics from both extremes

Question 70

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists Who are dependable-type tourists? -?

Answer 70

-They are individuals who try to make much of their daily lives predictable

Question 71

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists Who are venturer-type tourists? -?

Answer 71

-They are individuals who reach out and explore the world in all of its diversity

Question 72

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists What are the spending patterns of dependables? -?

Answer 72

-They are more cautious about spending money

Question 73

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists What are the spending patterns of venturers? -?

Answer 73

-They spend money more readily

Question 74

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists About dependables and their source of influence: -? -?

Answer 74

-They are guided by authority figures in making travel decisions -Follow travel trends set by other venturers and public personalities

Question 75

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists About venturers and their source of influence: -?

Answer 75

-They are guided by their personal judgement rather than authority figures in making travel decisions

Question 76

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists About dependables and their preferences for travel activities: -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 76

-Prefer structure and routine -Travel in groups as they like to feel comfortable and secure -Visit popular and familiar destinations which have well-developed tourism facilities and amenities for their convenience -Most likely to return to the same place again -Hence, they prefer mass tourism because of the predictability and routine nature of the activities

Question 77

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists About venturers and their preferences for travel activities: -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 77

-Prefer to be spontaneous and have a diversity of activities -Travel alone -Explore less-developed, unique places where they can participate in new experiences and activities even if it is less convenient. Often, they set travel trends for others -More likely to visit new places each time they travel -Hence, they prefer to make their own travel plans, and often opt for niche tourism

Question 78

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists How do personality characteristics influence travel patterns? -? -? -?

Answer 78

-Personality characteristics of tourists can determine travel preferences and patterns such as the choice of destinations and tourist activities -This is because the features of a tourist destination may appeal more to specific personality characteristics -Tourist activities that cater to the preferences of certain personality characteristics may only be found in certain destinations

Question 79

1.4 Different personality characteristics of tourists Personality characteristics affect tourists' travel patterns, explaining the popularity of different tourist destination regions. How do personality characteristics influence the development of tourist destinations/the way a tourist destination evolves over time? -? -? -? -? -? -?

Answer 79

-A destination may be more appealing to certain personality characteristics -Tourist destinations are often dynamic and constantly evolving -As they evolve, their features change, and the type of tourists they attract will also change -As venturer-type tourists often set travel trends and therefore influence the travel decisions of dependable-type tourists, the tourist may eventually lean from a venturer-type one to a dependable-type one -Planners and stakeholders can develop tourist destinations in a way that attracts certain personality characteristics -For instance, in order to attract more dependable-type tourists, more facilities and amenities that offer convenience can be developed