Tourism EQ 2

Question 1

Whta are the 3 factors that contribute to the growth of the tourism industry?

Answer 1

1. Destination factors
2. Demand factors
3. Developments in Technology

Question 2

State the general trend for tourism.

Answer 2

Over the years, tourism has increased exponentially

Question 3

Where do most tourists come from?

Answer 3

More than half of the international tourists still originate from the developed parts of the world mainly from Europe, Japan and North America.

Question 3

When is growth of tourism MOST rapid?

GENERALLy Which country experienced the greatest growth in tourism?

Answer 3

The most rapid growth occurred between 2010 to 2020 and is projected to continue increasing rapidly to
2030.

EUROPE FOLLOWED MY ASIA ABD THE PACIFIC

Question 4

What are some NEGATIVE impacts of OVERTOURISM

Answer 4

1. dilution of culture [cultural commodification/Zooification]
2. overstrain of public services
3. Destruction of locals’ daily lives

Question 5

development in technology has changed tourism by…

Answer 5

Developments in technology, especially those in transport and computer-related technology, have changed the scale and ease of global tourism.

Question 6

Developemnt in tech leads to… [tech subpoints]

Answer 6

1. better and affordable transport
2. Development of ICT

Question 7

technology is a __________ factor. what does this mean?

Answer 7

Facilitating factor.

• tech doesn’t cause tourism but rather BOOSTS or ENABLES it/ it supports and enhances the industry’s growth.
• It makes travel more accessible, efficient, and convenient, but is not the main reason people choose to travel.

Question 8

better and affordable transort points

Answer 8

• Improvements in transport technology → faster, safer, and more affordable travel for tourists.
• Result → reduced travel time = lower travel costs + more people willing and able to travel.

Example: Singapore to London [via commercial planes]
  1950s: 2–4 days with many stopovers for refueling
  Now: ~13 hours non-stop (no need to land or refuel)

Question 9

development of ICT (Information and Communication Technology)

Answer 9

• ICT enables e-services → booking flights, hotels, tours, and restaurants on one-stop platforms → reduces need for travel agents → lowers travel costs
• Easier access to travel info online → helps travellers plan their own trips → encourages independent travel and tourism growth
• Social media platforms (e.g. TripAdvisor) → provide reviews, recommendations, and exposure → raise awareness of lesser-known destinations
• Convenient and fuss-free digital experience → highly appeals to modern travellers
• Companies like Contiki → offer digital itineraries and reservations → streamline the entire travel process

Question 10

what does demand factors mean?

Answer 10

• Refers to people’s willingness and ability to buy goods and services.
• Demand factors in tourism include disposable income, leisure time and changing lifestyle.
• Affected by tourist profiles.

Question 11

What is tourist profiles?

Answer 11

Tourist profiles refer to the lifestyle, habits and character of tourists visiting a place.

Question 12

demand factors subpoints

Answer 12

1. disposable income
   2.Rise of budget carriers
   3.Increase leisure time
   4.Changing lifestules

Question 13

1. disposable income

Answer 13

Disposable income = income left after taxes (for spending/saving).

• increase in disposable income, especially in developing countries → people can spend more money on goods, services, activities that improve their QOF (travel for leisure)
• Growing middle class = major boost to global tourism.

Example: Chinese tourists travel more due to higher income from rapid economic growth.

Question 14

2. rise of budget carriers

BTW: Budget carrier: low-cost airline

Answer 14

• Budget carriers reduce costs by cutting extras (e.g. meals, check-in luggage, printed tickets) → offer affordable air travel
• Enables more people, including students and lower-income groups, to travel internationally and more frequently
• Allows travellers to go on holidays farther from home + Opens access to short-haul (short flight, less travel time) and less-served destinations

Example: Budget flights now reach places like Bhutan, Northern Thailand, Corsica, and Crete

Question 15

3. increase in leisure time

Answer 15

Leisure time: free time away from work and commitments, allowing people to travel.

• Since 1950s: shorter workweeks, more holidays → more leisure time (esp. in DCs & LDCs).
• Higher-income groups: more paid leave + disposable income → more travel.
• Example: Singaporeans travel in June/Dec; Europeans & Americans during summer.

Question 16

4. changing lifestyle

Answer 16

• Fast-paced work life → Longer working hours = more people travel to relax & reduce stress.
• Medical advances → Healthier, fitter population → Travel more, live longer.
• Rising retirees → Key tourism group (e.g., cruises to Caribbean, Mediterranean).

Australia example: Grey nomads (retirees) travel in mobile homes/4WDs to explore remote areas.

Question 17

what is destination factor mean and what issit inclusive of:

Answer 17

Refers to factors that affect the willingness and ability of businesses to provide goods or service to satisfy a
demand for tourism in that particular country.

This includes :
1. investment in Attractions
2. Investment in infrastructure and services

Question 18

Investment in attractions

Answer 18

Governments and businesses invest in attractions (natural or man-made) to attract tourists and encourage repeat visits.

Attractions are promoted as interesting or enjoyable, making destinations more appealing.

The rise of social media has made attractions more “Instagram-worthy”, encouraging tourists to visit and share experiences.

Question 19

gime the eg for investment in attarctions [destination factors]

Answer 19

Examples:
- Festivals: Thailand’s Loi Krathong
- Man-made structures: Palm Islands in Dubai

Question 20

Investment Investment in infrastructure and services. What kind of infrastructure and services is being referred to here?

Answer 20

1. transport infrastructure
2. Communication network including ICT
3. Accommodation
4. Trained personnel

Question 21

Investing in transport Infrastructure

Answer 21

• Governments invest in expanding transport systems to support tourism.
• Airports are upgraded to handle higher passenger volumes.
• Example: Changi Airport (Singapore) — Terminal 4 opened in 2017, raising capacity to 85 million passengers/year (from 73M in 2013).
• Countries would also need to develop road and railway links to places in nearby countries to increase accessibility.

Question 22

Why issit necessary to invest in infrastructure and services?

Answer 22

• Many governments have invested heavily in infrastructure such as transport and communication networks and services to attract tourists to visit a country.
• its necessary for places to cope with and support the influx of tourists who visit.
• Tourists need to find accommodation, dining places, transport facilities around the city, Wi-Fi, service personnel

Question 23

Investing in Communication Networks including ICT points [Destination]

Answer 23

• Communication networks → Easier access to info & e-commerce.
• Tourists more likely to visit when travel info (routes, weather, accommodation) is easily available.
• Multilingual info (esp. English) supports international tourism.
• Language barriers → Need for multilingual signs.

Question 24

investing in Accommodation Infrastructure

Answer 24

- Sufficient, varied lodging → to suit different tourist budgets + receive the rising number of tourists in an area. (Options range from 5-star hotels to hostels and home stays.) - Tourist sites must also offer Wi-Fi, dining, and entertainment. E.g., An aparthotel combines hotel services with apartment-style facilities

Question 25

Investing in trained personnel

Answer 25

- Skilled workers are essential — e.g. hotel managers, guides, drivers, cleaners, etc. - Creates a multiplier effect — supporting industries like transport, retail, and F&B also grow, generating more jobs. - Many countries recognise the importance of formal training for tourism industry workers. - They offer tertiary and diploma courses in tourism, hotel management, and catering to meet industry demand.

Question 26

Is tourism a STABLE industry? LICs relation w tourism industry VS that of Singapore's

Answer 26

NO! - The tourism industry fluctuates with global events - Many LICs may become overly dependent on tourism (NOT a good thing) - Singapore does NOT realy heavily on tourism but rather DIVERSIFIES ITS ECONOMY

Question 27

What happened in 2003, 2009 and 2016-2017 + It's effects on the international tourism recerpits!

Answer 27

2003: SARS (little impact, it slowed down the industry mildly) 2009: Global Economic Crisis (There was a distinct dip but nothing compared to COVID) 2016-2017: Southeast Asia Financial Crisis (little impact, it slowed down the industry mildly)

Question 28

What factors can negatively impact tourism

Answer 28

1. regional and global recessions 2.Occurrences of diseases in the potential destination country 3. Occurrences of disasters (Natural and man made) 4. Political situations in the potential destination country

Question 29

What is a recession? What is a REGIONAL recession + an eg of one?

Answer 29

- A recession refers to a period of general slowdown in economic activities. - A regional recession affects only a specific group of countries (eg. European Sovereign Debt Crisis from 2009 to 2012)

Question 30

Impact of Recession on Tourism

Answer 30

- Recession → loss of income and jobs → less disposable income → reduced overseas travel - Business closures → tourism-related businesses also shut down → multiplier effect → massive unemploymeny → less tourism - Value of money drops + savings loose value→ people cut spending on non-essentials since no disposable income → tourism demand falls - Poor financial decisions by governments (e.g. mismanaged budgets, bailouts) → loss of public trust → political instability

Question 30

explain when and what happedn during global recession

Answer 30

Global Recession (2007–2008) - The crash in housing market in the US results in the collapse of many financial firms in the world. - This caused many economies all over of the world to slow down and shrink. - Impact on tourism: fewer people could afford to travel due to income and job insecurity

Question 31

when and what happened during the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

Answer 31

- 2009–2012 Eurozone crisis: began with Greece's debt issues. - Spread to Ireland, Portugal, Spain → debt struggles. - Caused Euro devaluation, business & bank collapses. - Fewer European tourists (job losses, less income). - Non-European tourists benefited from weak Euro → cheaper travel to Europe.

Question 31

Occurrence of Diseases in the potenetial destination countrie's impact on Tourism

Answer 31

- Disease outbreaks can drastically reduce tourist arrivals. - Example: SARS outbreak (2003) hit Singapore and Hong Kong. - Hong Kong hotel occupancy dropped from 82% to 15%. - Singapore's visitor arrivals fell by 70% in April 2003.

Question 31

What is geography of fear?

Answer 31

Not travelling to a certain countrie due to fear can be caused by: political instability, disatsters

Question 31

impwct of Occurences of disatasters (natural/man made) on tourism

Answer 31

- Disasters (natural/man-made) discourage tourists due to safety concerns or disruption of infrastructure. - Japan Tsunami (2011) reduced tourism due to fears of nuclear exposure and seafood contamination. - Economic impact of the tsunami also reduced Japanese outbound tourism. - Japan recovered by promoting the safety and beauty of the country.

Question 32

impacts of political situations in the potential destination on tourism

Answer 32

- Unfavorable political situations (e.g., war, terrorism) make places dangerous for tourists. - Governments may advise against travel to high-risk areas to protect citizens. - Airlines may suspend flights to regions with political instability. - Countries aim to prevent loss of lives and hostage situations involving terrorists. EXAMPLE: The Syria conflict, which began in 2011, has led Singapore to issue a travel advisory against all travel there from January 2018, due to security risks.