Town Hall Study Deck

Question 1

What are the 3 vectors of transmission?

Answer 1

Surface, Airborne, Person-to-person

Question 2

Explain cause, mitigation, and a common example of surface transmission

Answer 2

Cause: Touching infected surfaces, then internalizing via mouth, nose, or eyes
Mitigation: Handwashing, cleaning and disinfection
Ex:C. diff., MRSA

Question 3

Explain cause, mitigation, and a common example of airborne transmission

Answer 3

Cause: Breathing infected air, often while sharing space with infected person
Mitigation: Social distancing, masking, improved ventilation
Ex: Covid-19, influenza, TB

Question 4

Explain cause, mitigation, and a common example of person-to-person transmission

Answer 4

Cause: Close physical contact with an infected person
Mitigation: Physical separation, vaccination
Ex: Monkeypox, HIV

Question 5

What is the hardest to mitigate and why?

Answer 5

Airborne, because human’s release aerosols that can remain suspended in the air for hours. If viral particles are exhaled by a sick person they can be breathed in by people in that room hours after the sick person leaves.

Question 6

What does airborne transmission depend on?

Answer 6

Concentration and exposure time. The more breaths that are exhaled the more aerosols and droplets are released and therefor concentration rises. That activities that are occurring in a shared space also influence the amount of particles exhaled.

Question 7

What does airborne transmission depend on?

Answer 7

Concentration and exposure time. The more breaths that are exhaled the more aerosols and droplets are released and therefor concentration rises. That activities that are occurring in a shared space also influence the amount of particles exhaled.

Question 8

What percentage of the air we breathe was previously in someone else’s lungs and what is that called?

Answer 8

4%; respiratory backwash

Question 9

What is our core reason for getting sick?

Answer 9

Inhaling an infectious dose of air, depending on how contagious the pathogen is and how strong our immune systems are

Question 10

How is ventilation measured?

Answer 10

CADR & ACH

Question 11

What does CADR stand for?

Answer 11

Clean Air Delivery Rate -
Volume of clean air delivered per unit time (independent of room size/volume)

CADR enables simple comparison among air cleaners, whether they be high efficiency/low volume , high volume/low efficiency, or other

Use CADR to compare efficacy among devices in sheer ability to clean air, regardless of room size

Question 12

What does ACH stand for?

Answer 12

Air Changes per Hour:
Number of times the total air volume in a room is replaced in 1 hour (room size dependent)

[Total ACH] = [Outdoor ACH]+[Recirculated ACH]+[eACH]
ACH is a common metric to gauge whether a given room has sufficient ventilation

1 air change reduces concentration of contaminants by 63.2% after 1 air change
UVGI devices would be measured in equivalent ACH (eACH) as they are not physically removing and replacing air in a room, but instead, inactivating harmful contaminants in the air

Question 13

What are common standards for ACH in an EDU setting?

Answer 13

Typically - 1.5 ACH in 184 minutes

ASHRAE minimum - 3 ACH in 92 min

Good - 6 ACH in 46 min

Better - 9 ACH in 31 min

Best - 12 ACH in 23 min (we top this)

Question 14

What are ASHRAE minimum ventilation requirements in Hospital Patient rooms, Emergency Rooms, Isolation Rooms, and Operating rooms?

Answer 14

Patient rooms - 4-6
Emergency Rooms - 6
Isolation Rooms - 12
Operating rooms - 20

Question 15

What are all of the wavelengths of UV-C light that our devices use?

Answer 15

Arc - 254nm
Beam - 265 nm
Vive - 222 nm

Question 16

Give 3 examples of common viruses / what illnesses they cause

Answer 16

SARS COV -2 - Covid 19
Influenza - Seasonal Flu
Norovirus - “Food poisoning” or “Stomach flu” (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). This leads to diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain.

Question 17

Give 3 examples of common bacteria / what illnesses they cause

Answer 17

E. Coli - A few strains cause diarrhea/bloody diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pains and cramps. One strain can lead to kidney failure if not properly managed. Eating contaminated food is the most common way to get an E. coli infection
C. Diff -C. diff (also known as Clostridioides difficile or C. difficile) is a germ (bacterium) that causes diarrhea and colitis (an inflammation of the colon). It’s estimated to cause almost half a million infections in the United States each year.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 18

Give 3 examples of common fungi / what illnesses they cause

Answer 18

Aspergillus - a common mold that lives indoors and outdoors. Can cause Aspergillosis.
Stachybotrys chartarum - “Black mold” toxic to humans and pets
Cladosporium - Long term exposure can lead to sinus infections, ear & eye infections
Long term exposure to any mold that lives in your indoor spaces can lead to allergies

Question 19

What are the most common viruses and bacteria found in schools?

Answer 19

Staphylococcus aureus.
Coxsackievirus.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pyogenes.
Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Rubeola virus.
Norovirus.
Influenza A virus.

Question 20

What are the most common viruses and bacteria found in healthcare settings and likely to cause HAIs (Hospital Acquired Infections)?

Answer 20

Coagulase-negative staphylococc
Staphylococcus aureu
Enterococcus species
Candida species
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 21

What are the most common viruses and bacteria found in senior living facilities?

Answer 21

Approximately 10% of nursing home patients will develop a skin infection, with the most common being infection of a pressure ulcer (bed sore). The most common pathogens are Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Question 22

What is the hardest microbe to deactivate and why?

Answer 22

Bacterial Spores -

The structure of the spore protects the genomic DNA from intense heat, radiation, and attack by most enzymes and chemical agents. In fact, bacterial spores are so resistant to environmental factors that they can exist for centuries as viable spores.

The more structurally complex the microorganism, the higher the UV-C dose required for its inactivation.

Question 23

What is B. subtilis?

Question 24

What are MS2 and T1 etc?

Question 25

When was UV-C light first used to treat wastewater?

Answer 25

1908

Question 26

What applications were Upper Room UVGI used for in the 1930s and the 1950s?

Answer 26

30s - To treat measles outbreaks
50s - Tuberculosis outbreak (efficacy confirmed with testing)

Question 27

When di UV-C become the gold standard in hospitals?

Answer 27

2000s

Question 28

Explain how Beam works

Answer 28

Beam emits a powerful beam of UV-C across the upper area of a room

Potentially contaminated air in the occupied zone rises to meet the BEAM and is disinfected on contact

Natural airflow recirculates the disinfected air back into the occupied zone

Inactivates 99%+ of certain viruses and bacteria, each beam delivering disinfected air 12x per hour in 500 ft2.

Great for large occupied spaces

Question 29

How is Beam installed?

Question 30

Why is Beam such a strong addition to HVAC solutions?

Answer 30

As a supplemental solution to increased ventilation and ACH, you can reduce HVAC costs when applying Beam to your spaces.

Question 31

Explain how Vive works

Question 32

How is Vive installed?

Question 33

Is vive really safe to be exposed to all day at work?

Answer 33

Yes!

Question 34

How many hours of bulb life are the LEDs rated for in Beam?

Answer 34

6,800 hrs up to 2 years under normal use

Question 35

How many hours of bulb life are the Krypton bulbs rated for in Vive?

Question 36

Explain Beam Safety and Commissioning