Toxic Gases

Question 1

What is the source of nitrogen dioxide?

Answer 1

Fermentation of corn/forages high in nitrate

Question 2

When do you get the highest concentration of nitrogen dioxide?

Answer 2

Within the first 48 hours of ensiling

Question 3

Is nitrogen dioxide heavier or lighter than air?

Answer 3

Heavier

Question 4

True or False: Nitrogen dioxide causes oxidative stress.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Nitrogen dioxide causes ____ and ____ irritation.

Answer 5

Ocular and upper airway irritation

Question 6

Nitrogen dioxide causes which of the following: chronic bronchitis, fever, emphysema, corneal damage.

Answer 6

1. Chronic bronchitis
2. Fever
3. Emphysema

Question 7

What type of lung lesions might be associated with a nitrogen dioxide toxicity?

Answer 7

1. Edema
2. Hemorrhage
3. Emphysema
4. Bronchiolar inflammation

Question 8

What is methane’s MOA?

Answer 8

Asphyxiation (displacement of oxygen)

Question 9

Is methane lighter or heavier than air?

Answer 9

Lighter

Question 10

Which of the following has a pungent odor, methane or nitrogen dioxide?

Answer 10

Nitrogen dioxide (methane is odorless)

Question 11

Methane is explosive at ___% in the atmosphere.

Answer 11

5%

Question 12

Methane is what % of natural gas?

Answer 12

85%

Question 13

Which of the following is odorless, ammonia or CO2?

Answer 13

CO2

Question 14

Is CO2 heavier or lighter than air?

Answer 14

Heavier

Question 15

At what percentage does CO2 induce a coma?

Answer 15

25%

Question 16

Is ammonia heavier or lighter than air?

Answer 16

Lighter

Question 17

What are 3 sources of ammonia?

Answer 17

1. Fertilizers
2. Manure
3. Chicken houses

Question 18

At what ppm is ammonia a chronic stressor?

Answer 18

> 50 ppm

Question 19

Ammonia causes ____ and ____ irritation.

Answer 19

Eye and respiratory

Question 20

Ammonia causes corneal damage at ____ ppm.

Answer 20

100 ppm

Question 21

NH3 causes corneal injury in poultry at ___ ppm.

Answer 21

60-75 ppm

Question 22

NH3 causes increased respiratory disease at ____ ppm.

Answer 22

50 ppm

Question 23

NH3 causes decreased egg production at ____ ppm.

Answer 23

20 ppm

Question 24

Is hydrogen sulfide heavier or lighter than air?

Answer 24

Heavier (collects in low places)

Question 25

At what ppm does H2S cause olfactory paralysis?

Answer 25

200 ppm

Question 26

At what ppm does H2S causes pulmonary edema?

Answer 26

> 500 ppm

Question 27

At what ppm does H2S cause respiratory paralysis?

Answer 27

> 1000 ppm

Question 28

At what ppm does H2S quickly cause death after a few violent gasps?

Answer 28

> 3000 ppm

Question 29

H2S is a direct irritant of ____ and ____.

Answer 29

Eyes and lungs

Question 30

What type of general metabolic effect does H2S have?

Answer 30

Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase

Question 31

What type of lesions would you associated with HS2?

Answer 31

1. Pulmonary edema 2. Dark blood 3. Tissues that smell of H2S

Question 32

What 4 drugs are experimentally possible H2S antidotes?

Answer 32

1. Nitrites 2. Thiamine 3. Cobinamide 4. Hydroxycobolamine

Question 33

Is carbon monoxide heavier or lighter than air?

Answer 33

Lighter than air

Question 34

Why is carbon monoxide called the "silent killer"?

Answer 34

1. Colorless | 2. Odorless

Question 35

What is the source of toxicity if an automobile engine is left running in a closed garage?

Answer 35

Carbon monoxide

Question 36

What type of poisoning should be suspected in any animal rescued from a fire?

Answer 36

Carbon monoxide

Question 37

What is the MOA of carbon monoxide?

Answer 37

CO is absorbed into the lungs --> CO combines with hemoglobin --> formation of COHb --> anoxia

Question 38

Hemoglobin has an affinity for CO that is ____ times that of its affinity for O2.

Answer 38

300

Question 39

What causes cherry-red skin and mucous membranes?

Answer 39

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 40

Explain how you could diagnose a carbon monoxide poisoning.

Answer 40

1. Measure carboxyhemoglobin levels 2. Measure carboxyhemoglogin in fetal serosanguinous thoracic fluid 3. Measure CO in the environment

Question 41

What causes necrosis of superficial layers such as the dermis of the muzzle and the epithelium of the trachea?

Answer 41

Anhydrous ammonia

Question 42

What are 4 sources of hyperthermia?

Answer 42

1. Metabolic activity (large animals) 2. Manure pits 3. Poor ventilation 4. Thermal input

Question 43

Which species is most susceptible to PTFE (polytetrafuoroethylene)?

Answer 43

Pet birds

Question 44

How would you prevent PTFE? (list 3 ways)

Answer 44

1. Don't use non-stick cookware 2. Remove birds from the house 3. Ventilate well