Toxic Plants Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What are the 6 acidic products caused by toxic plants?
A
Insoluble Ca oxalate, soluble oxalate, Isocupressic acid, Quinone, Tannic acid (tannin), Titerpene acid.
2
Q
Name all plants in ARUM FAMILY (14)
A
Chinese evergreen Alocacia/elephant's ear Flamingo plant Jack-in-the pulpit Cuckoo pint, Caladium varieties Dumcane varieties Pothos/Dvil's ivy Cutleaf philodendron/Swiss cheese plant Philodendron varieties Peace lilly Skunk cabbage Arrowhead vine/Nephthytis Calla Lilly/Arum Lilly
3
Q
What are the 3 families of Insoluble Ca oxalate?
A
Arum, Aralia, Palm
4
Q
What is MOA of insoluble Ca oxalate? CS?
A
Plant stem > animals chew > penetration via NEEDLE SHAPED Ca oxalate.
CS: Irritation of lips, mouth, throat; V+.
5
Q
Name all plants in ARALIA family (1)
A
Umbrella tree (warm climates)
6
Q
Name all plants in PALM family (1)
A
Fishtail palm (not as common)
7
Q
Name all plants that produce soluble oxalate (8).
A
Halogeton, Greasewood > 2 common in sheep (US).
Pig weed (accumulate nitrogen, liver failure).
Beet
Lamb’s quarters
Rhubarb
Sorrel and Soursop
Purslane
8
Q
What is the MOA of soluble oxalate? CS?
A
Hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney.
CS: hypocalcemia, kidney damage.
9
Q
Name all plants that produce isocupressic acid (2)
A
Ponderosa pine, Monterey cypress
10
Q
What is MOA of isocupressic acid? CS?
A
Vasoconstriction, decreased uterine blood flow > release of fetal CORTISOL > abortion (CS).
11
Q
Which two families produces quinone? Name a plant from each family. MOA? CS?
A
St. John’s family - St John’s wort.
Buckwheat family - Buckwheat.
MOA: Primary photosensitization
CS: erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis of skin (secondary infection).
12
Q
Name two plants that produce tannic acid (Tannin). MOA? CS?
A
Oak tree (all parts are poisonous), Pride of Barbados (seed is most poisonous). MOA: tissue damage (GI lesions and kidney). CS: Cattle - constipation, brown urine, atony, anorexia, deprssion; Monogastrics - GI.
13
Q
Which family produce Titerpene acid? Name one plant.
MOA? CS?
A
Vervain family - Lantana/yellow sage.
MOA: liver damage and hepatic photosensitization.
CS: depression, anorexia, D+, icterus, erythema of skin, necrosis and sloughing.
Ruminant susceptible and horse resistant.
14
Q
What are the alkaloids produced by toxic plants? (13)
A
Colchicine Diterpene alkaloids Ergot alkaloid Indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine) Lycorine Muscarine Piperidine alkaloids Pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Solanine and solanidine alkaloids Taxine alkaloids Tropane alkaloids (Atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine) Xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline, theobromide)
15
Q
Which family are autumn crocus/meadow saffron, glory lilly/climbing lilly in? What toxins are produced? MOA? CS?
A
Lilly family. Colchicine.
MOA: Antimitotic (rapidly dividing cells are more sensitive).
CS: involves many organs.
16
Q
Name two plants in Buttercup family. Which toxin is produced by this family? MOA? CS?
A
Larkspur/Delphinium, Monkshade/aconite.
Diterpene alkaloids.
MOA: Competitive blockade of the nicotinic R @ muscle endplate (Similar to curare).
CS: Sudden death, weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency collapse.
17
Q
T/F. There is no tx for Buttercup family (Diterpene alkaloids).
A
False. USE PHYSOSTIGMINE.
18
Q
What does ergot produce? MOA/CS?
A
Ergot alkaloid. Alkaloid.
Vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction.
19
Q
MOA: inhibition of lysosomal enzymes, peripheral neuronal degeneration (via nitropropanol glycoside), abnormal hoof and hair (via Se). What family is this MOA of? What is the plant? Toxin? CS?
A
Legume family - Locoweed/milkvetches
Toxin: Indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine).
CS: neuronal signs; infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decreased immunity.
20
Q
What family are Narcissus, Kaffir lilly, spider lilly, barbados lilly/fire lilly, zephyr lilly/rain lilly, river lilly in? Toxin? MOA? CS?
A
Amaryllis family - Lycorine.
MOA: Emetic and purgative (bulb is most toxic).
CS: Anorexia, Salivation, V+/D+, hypotension, muscle tremors, seizures.
21
Q
T/F. Amanita muscarina (poisonous mushroom) produces piperidine alkaloid and there is no tx for this mushroom.
A
False. Produces muscarine > stimulation of muscuranic cholinergic R, CNS stimulation (seizures).
Tx: atropine.
22
Q
What do poison hemlock/Cali fern, Lupines, tobacco, tree tobacco, coyote tobacco produce? MOA? CS?
A
Piperidine alkaloids.
MOA: Nicotinic effects > starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular STIMULATION > ganglionic acid and neuromuscular BLOCKADE.
CS: Ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (malformation).
23
Q
Name all plants in Nightshade family that produces pyridine alkaloids (3). Acidic/alkaline? MOA?
A
Tobacco plant, tree tobacco, lobelia.
MOA: nicotinic R @ autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and synapses in the CNS (low doses cause depolarization, large doses cause blockade).
24
Q
T/F. CS of pyridine alkaloids: rapid onset.
Early signs: SLUD, muscle twitching, weakness, dyspnea.
DEATH DUE TO RESP. FAILURE.
A
TRUE.
25
Which toxin is produced by Rattlebox/crotolaria (seed toxic), Senecio/groundsel/ragwort (weed toxic to horses)? What is MOA/CS?
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
| MOA/CS: hepatotoxic > hepatogenic photosensitization and hepatoencephalopathy.
26
Name all the plants that are a nightshade family that produces solanine and solanidine alkaloids (5). MOA/CS?
Black nightshade, American nightshade, Eggplant, Tomato, Chinese lantern.
MOST TOXIC: BERRIES
MOA/CS: GI, CNS, respiratory, cardiac.
27
T/F. Japanese yew produces TAXINE alkaloids that are toxic to CV and resp.
False. CV AND GI.
28
What toxin do Jimsonweed/thornapple/angel's, Devil's trumpet, Angel's trumpet, Henbane produce? MOA? CS?
Tropane alkaloids
MOA: Anti-muscuranic
CS: hypertension, increase IOP, mydriasis, seizures, death due to resp failure.
Tx: phystigmine
29
What are the two plants of xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline, theobromide)? MOA? CS?
Cocoa and Coffee.
MOA: blocking adenosine R, inhibiting phosphodiesterase.
CS: V+/D+, colic, seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination.
30
What are FOUR plants that produce ANTHRAQUINONE? What is MOA/CS?
```
Cascara sagrada (from a small tree), Buckthorn, Coffee weed/senna, Aloe.
MOA/CS: Purgative (Coffee weed/senna: + skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria > kidney damage; horses die from liver failrure)
```
31
What are the glycosidic toxins produced by plants?
Anthraquinone, Calcinogenic glycoside (Vit D analog), Carboxy-aractyloside (sulfated glycoside), Cardiac glycoside, Coumarin glycoside, Cyanogenic glycosides, Cycasin, Glucosinolate (thiocynate glycoside), Nitropropanol glycoside, Phytoestrogens, Protoanemonin, Ptaquiloside, Steroidal saponins
32
What do Day-blooming Jasamine and Turkey berry produce? What is MOA/CS?
```
Calcinogenic glycoside (Vit D analog).
MOA/CS: Hypercalcemia
```
33
T/F. Cocklebur produces cardiac glycoside.
False. Produces Carboxy-atractyloside (Sulfated glycoside).
| MOA/CS: HEPATOTOXICITY, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia.
34
Which plants produce cardiac glycoside? (9) What is MOA/CS?
Foxglove, Oleander, Yellow oleander/lucky nut/be-still tree, squill, Lilly of the valley, milkweed, kallanchoe (common).
MOA/CS: Cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase.
35
T/F. Sweet clover produces coumarin glycoside. It forms dicoumarol in spoiled plants and inhibit vit K epoxide reductase > deficiency of coag factors 2,7,9,10. This will cause hemorrhage (just like warfarin mechanism).
True.
36
How do you treat coumarin glycoside?
Give factors through blood/plasma transfusion > if stable, give Vit. K.
37
What are the THREE plants that produce cyanogenic glycosides? What is MOA/CS for acute vs. chronic?
Wild cherries, Johnson grass/Sudan grass/sorghum, Elderberry.
MOA/CS:
Acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and cellular respiration, glycolysis, citric acid; Vasoconstriction; irritation of MM.
Chronic: neuronal degeneration
38
What are the TWO families that produce cycasin?
Cycad family and Zamiaceae.
39
T/F. Sago palm and Japanese cycad are within Zamiaceae family. Cardboard palm and Coontie are are within Cycad family.
False.
Sago palm and Japanese cycad: Cycad family.
Cardboard palm and Coontie: Zamiaceae family.
40
What is MOA of cycasin? CS?
MOA: 3 toxins - Cycasin, BMAA, unknown.
Cycasin: GI irritation, liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic.
BMAA: neurotoxic AA.
Unknown: axonal degeneration in CNS.
CS: GI and liver dz; ataxis and CNS syndrome.
41
T/F. Animals that get toxicated by cycasin rarely survives. Also, CS depends on the amount and duration.
True.
42
What do rape seed, kale, broccoli, brussel, spouts, cabbage, turnip, cauliflower, soybean, flax produce? What is MOA/CS?
Glucosinolate (thiocynate glycoside).
MOA: interferes with I- transfer > hormone can't be made.
CS: Antithyroid sign.
43
Which plants produce nitropropanol glycoside (4). What is MOA?
Milkvetch, Violets, Lotus, Indigo.
| MOA: Inhibits enzyme of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation.
44
T/F. Nitropropanol glycoside causes resp. and neurologic signs in horses and rodents. Causes only neurologic signs in cattle and sheep.
False.
| Causes resp. and neurologic signs in cattle and sheep. Only neurologic signs in horses and rodents.
45
Which plants release of phytoestrogens? (3) What is MOA? CS?
White clover, Subterranean clover, Alfalfa.
MOA: Binds to estrogen R > infertility in females and males.
CS: Infertility in females, decreased libido and feminization in males.
46
T/F. White clover also causes photo sensitization due to selenium, nitrate, phytoestrogen, forage.
False. Alfalfa.
47
T/F. Buttercup family contains only bracken fern/brake fern, which will cause the release of protoanemonin.
MOA: volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside.
CS: severe irritation of the GI mucosa and dermatitis.
False. Contains Anemone, Ranunculus, Clematis, Hellborus.
| MOA/CS both true for this family.
48
T/F. Bracken fern/brake fern contains ptaquiloside, which will cause death of precursor cells in BM, neoplasm in UT, tumors in the URT and retinal degeneration.
This will produce aplastic anemia, enzootic hematuria.
True.
49
What are the TWO families that cause steroidal saponins release?
Agrave and Grass family
50
Which plants are in AGAVE family? Which plants in GRASS family? What is MOA/CS?
AGAVE: agave, beargrass
GRASS: Panicum
MOA: Hepatogenic photosensitization.
CS: photosensitization and liver damage.
51
What is the only Gossypol plant? What is the toxic principle? MOA? CS?
Cottonseed.
Gossypol (only free gossypol is toxic; heat can decrease toxicity; iron).
MOA: CARDIOTOXIC and secondary to liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubules (irreversible), binds to proteins, AAs, and iron.
CS: CHRONIC; MONOGASTRICS ARE MORE SENSITIVE; cardiac toxicity and male infertility.
52
What are the FOUR toxins of minerals?
Molybdenum, Copper, Selenium, Nitrate.
53
T/F. Molybdenum causes liver damage and hemolysis > methemoglobinemia.
False. Signs of copper deficiency (watery bubbly D+, wasting, depigmentation, demylineation, osteoporosis).
54
Which plant contains copper? (1) MOA/CS?
Clovers.
| Liver damage and hemolysis > Methemoglobinemia.
55
Which plants produce selenium that will cause acute (GI irritation and resp signs; neural signs in swine) and chronic (hoof and hair abnormalities)? (7)
Aster, Woddy aster, Princess's plume, Milk vetch, Goldenwood, paintbrush, Saltbrush
56
What are the plants that produce nitrate? (10)
Pigweed, Oats, Johnsongrass/suden grass/milo, corn/maize, Beet, Lamb's quarters, Sweet clover, Alfalfa, Wheat, Sunflower
57
What is CS of nitrate?
Acute: GI irritation, methemologbin, respiratory insufficiency signs, abortion.
Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance.
58
What are the NINE PROTEIN toxins produced by plants?
```
Dimethyl disulfide
Diterpene esters
Grayanotoxins
Lectin (phytotoxin toxalbumin)
Meliatoxin
Propyl disulfide
Tetradymol
Thiaminase
Triterpenoid saponins
```
59
T/F. Mustards produce dimethyl disulfide.
MOA: oxidation of RBC's (heinz body).
CS: anemia, depression, hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, icterus, cyanosis.
True
60
What is the family that releases diterpene esters?
Spurge family
61
Chenille plants/cat tail, croton, candlelabra "cactus", crown of thorns, poinsettia, Cassava, peregrina, coral tree, pencil tree, manchineel, sandbox tree, physicnut, wild physicnut release toxin? MOA? CS?
Diterpene esters.
MOA: Activate protein kinase C > cell damage and enzyme dysfunction.
CS: Irritation and blistering and GI mucosa > salivation, V+, D+ (w/out blood).
62
Heath family release which toxin? Which plants are in this family? (5)
Grayanotoxins.
Rhododendron/Azalea, Moutntain laurel/sheep laurel, Japanese pieris, Dog hobble/dog laurel/black laurel, Maleberry/fetter bush/staggerbush.
63
What is MOA of graynotoxin? CS?
MOA: binds to Na channels in excitable cells, increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa.
CS: GI signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever.
Death due to aspiration pneumonia.
64
T/F. Lectin is the safest toxin out of protein toxins.
False. CAN KILL ANIMALS!
65
Caster bean, Precatory bean, Coral plant, Sandbox tree, Balck locust, Beans (soybeans, kidney, pino navy) produce which toxin? MOA? CS?
Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin).
MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis > cell death.
CS: GI signs > hemorrhagic + gastroenteritis.
66
T/F. Animals have to chew the seed in order to be toxicated by lectin. Heat will also kill the toxin.
True.
67
Which family causes the release of meliatoxin?> What is the ONLY plant in this family? MOA? CS?
```
Mehogany family.
Chinaberry.
MOA: enterotoxic, neurotoxic.
CS: GI signs w/out blood, CNS peripheral neuronal signs (similar to nicotine).
Death from respiratory failure.
```
68
What is the toxin released by amaryllis family (onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek)? MOA? CS?
Propyl disulfide.
MOA: O2 free radicals > damage RBC membranes > heinz body.
CS: anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion.
69
T/F. Sunflower family includes horsebrush, which releases tetradymol.
MOA: Hepatogenic photosensitization.
CS: SHEEP - anorexia, depression, incoordination, dyspnea, icterus, heading pressing, skin swelling, erythma, necrosis, 2ndary infections.
True.
70
What are the TWO plants that produce thiaminase? What is MOA/CS?
Horsetail, bracken fern/brake fern.
MOA/CS: destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency in monogastric animals (neurotoxic).
71
What are the FOUR FAMILIES that produce Triterpenoid saponins?
Legume, Holly, Ginseng, Pokewood.
72
Which plant is in legume family? (1) Which plants are included in holly family? (2) Which plant is in ginseng family? (1) Which family is in pokeweed family? (1)
Legume: Alfalfa
Holly: English holly/Christmas holly, American holly.
Ginseng: English ivy/common ivy.
Pokewood: Pokeweed/inkberry.
73
What is MOA of triterpenoid saponins? CS?
MOA: direct irritation of the GI.
CS: salivation, V+, anorexia, D+, colic, hypothermia.
74
What are the THREE FAMILIES in RESINS OR RESINOIDS group?
Milkweed, Opium, Mahogany.
75
Which plant is in opium family? (1) Which plant is in Mahogany family? (1) What is the MOA/Cs of resins or resinoids?
Opium: marijuana
Mahogany: Chinaberry
MOA/CS: irritation of nervous or muscle tissue.
76
T/F. Glycoresins refer to resins + essential oil. Oleoresins refer to resins + sugars.
False.
Oleoresins: resins + essential oil.
Glycoresins: resins + sugars.
77
What are the ELEVEN UNCLASSIFIED TOXINS?
Alsike clover, avocado, black walnut, forage induced photosensitization, grapes/raisins, lilly, pigweed, red maple, senna, yellowstarthistle/russian knapweed, macademia nuts
78
Which two plants are in legume family of unclassified toxins? MOA? CS?
Alsike clover and red clover.
MOA: hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses ONLY. Hepatic encephalopathy in large amount.
CS: lacrimation, photophobia, erythma, purities, edema, necrosis sloughing of skin.
79
What is the MOA/CS of avocado? What family is this in?
Cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds.
Noninfecitous mastitis and agalactia in cattle, horses, goats, and rabbits.
Laurel family.
80
T/F. Walnut family contains black walnut. Ingesiton of fresh shavings made from heartwood > laminitis.
True.
81
What are the TWO PLANTS of legume family and ONE PLANT of grass family that cause forage-induced photosensitization (primary photosensitization as their MOA)? What is CS?
Moldy alfalfa, red clover (legume family).
Moldy wheat (Grass family).
MOA: secondary photosensitization due to liver damage as well in grass family.
CS: lacrimation, photophobia, erythma, purities, edema, necrosis sloughing of skin.
82
Which plant does GRAPE family include? (1) What is MOA? CS?
Grapevine.
MOA: unknown > RENAL FAILURE ONLY IN DOGS.
CS: GI signs (V+) followed by RF.
83
Easter Lilly, Tiger Lilly, Japanese show Lilly Rubrum Lilly, Lilly hybrids, Day lilly are included in what family? What is MOA? CS?
Lilly family.
MOA: unknown > RENAL FAILURE ONLY IN CATS.
CS: GI signs (salivation, V+), depression, complete anorexia, PU > anuria and death from RF.
84
Which family contains redroot pigweed? What is MOA (acute, chronic, soluble oxalate, unknown)? CS?
Pigweed family.
MOA: acute - nitrate > methemoglobinemia.
Chronic: abortion.
Soluble oxalate: hypocalcemia and kidney damage.
Unknown: renal tubular damage > ruminants, pigs, horses.
CS: depression, weakness, incoordination, RF.
85
What is MOA for red maple family (red maple)? CS:
MOA: unknown toxin in dried leaves > hemolytic, anemia, hemoglobinemia, heinz bodies.
CS: anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown MM, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, death.
86
What are two plants in Legume family that produce senna as a toxin?
Coffee senna, sicklepod
87
T/F. Senna toxin.
MOA:L unknown mechanism (Skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy; anthroquinone > cathartic).
CS: D+, muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, coffee colored urine, tachycardia, death.
True.
88
What two families produce yellow starthistle and russian knapweed?
Sunflower and Protea family.
89
What is MOA of Sunflower family? CS?
MOA: interact with dopamine transporters > death of dopaminergic neurons in the braine.
CS: quine nigropallidal encephalomalacia or chewing dz (sudden onset of inability to eat, drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, head down, dehydration).
90
What is CS of Protea family (Dog)?
Weakness in hindlimbs, dperession, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, V+, colic, D+, pale MM.
FULL RECOVERY IN 2 DAYS.
91
What are the plants that cause mechanical injury? (3) What is CS?
Cactus family, Jimsonweed/seed pods, Cocklebur seed pods.
| CS: thorns, spines, stinging or irritating hair.
92
Seleniferous plants. Who am I? Accumulate up to 15,000ppm Se, require Se for growth. Include Astragalus, Stanleya, Oonopsis.
Obligate accumulators.
93
Seleniferous plants. Accumulate up to 1-25ppm. Accumulate Se passively in Se-rich soil (alkaline soil). include in soil, wheat, oats, barley, grass, and hay.
Passive accumulators. THE MOST COMMON SOURCE.
94
Seleniferous plants. Accuulate up to 25-100ppm. do not require Se but they can accumulate it. Aster, Airiplex, Castilleja plants.
Facultative accumulators.
95
Properties. I am a component of glutathione peroxidase. I'm an antioxidant. I'm found in 5-deiodinase (converts from T4 to T3). I am an irritant to MM like other metals.
Selenium toxicosis.
96
What is the toxicity in order (highest to lowest)? Selenate, selenite, synthetic organoselenium compounds, selenide, organic selenium in plants.
Organic Se in plants (bad odor, unpalatable) > selenate = selenite > selenide > synthetic organoselenium compounds > elemental Se (nontoxic).
97
What reduces Se toxicity?
High protein diet and ingestion of other elements that bind to Se such as Cu.
98
What is MOA of Se toxicity?
```
Acute or subacute death due to respiratory. Chronic death due to starvation and thirst. Decrease in tissue gluthathione and ascrobic acid. Se replaces sulfur in AA's. Decrease ATP in chronic.
Crosses placenta (teratogenic) and arsenic increases biliary excretion of this.
```
99
Acute CS of Se toxicity? Subacute? Chronic?
Acute: Oral (GI signs, resp signs, death), Parenteral (neurological signs).
Subacute: Resp, GI, hair/hoof losses (blind staggers in cattle; swine: PROCINE FOCAL SYMMETRICAL POLIOMYELOMALACIA).
Chronic (ALKALI DZ): bobbed tail dz, hoof deformities, rough hair coat, birth defects.
100
What are lab dx of Se toxicity?
Elevated Se, blood or plasma glutathione peroxidase activity (AM) correlates well with blood Se, Hoof and hair (PM).
101
What are ddx of Se toxicity?
Paraquat, pneumonia, fluoride toxicosis, molybdenum toxicosis.
102
What are tx for acute Se toxicity?
Cathartics, symptomatic therapy (O2), acetylcysteine, arsenic increases elimination and Cu/Zn decrease absorption.
103
What are prevention of subacute and chronic?
Forages tested regularly, remove from animals, Addition of Cu/organic arsenicals and high protein diet.
104
What is prog. of Se toxicosis?
Poor in acute due to quick death.
105
T/F. Ethylene glycol is more toxic than propylene glycol.
True.
106
I am dihydric alcohol, soluble in water, sweet, colorless, odorless, lowers the freezing point of water. Who am I
Ethylene Glycol.
107
T/F. Some commercial antifreeze products have phosphate rust inhibitor.
True.
108
What is the main route of exposure of ethylene glycol?
Ingestion
109
T/F. EG intoxication is the first most common cause of fatal poisoning in animals.
False. SECOND MOST COMMON.
110
T/F. Mortality rate in dogs are high (50-70%) and more cases seen in fall, winter, and spring in NA
True
