Toxic principles in plants Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What plants are part of the Arum family and contain insoluble calcium oxalates?
A
CHINESE EVERGREEN* Alocacia, elephant's ear Flamingo plant* Jack in the pulpit Cuckoo pint CALADIUM varieties* DUMBCANE varieties* Pothos, Dvil's ivy* Cutleaf philodendron, Swiss cheese* Philodendeon varieties* Peace lily* Skunk Cabbage ARROWHEAD VINE, nephthytis* Calla lily, arum lily*
2
Q
What plants in the Aralia family contain insoluble calcium oxalates?
A
Umbrella tree (common ornamental plant)
3
Q
What plants in the palm family contain insoluble calcium oxalates?
A
Fishtail palm (uncommon, occur in hot climate)*
4
Q
What part of the plant with insoluble calcium oxalates are toxic?
A
All parts
5
Q
What is the mechanism of action of plants with insoluble calcium oxalates?
A
Plants have needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa, tongue, and throat causing irritation.
6
Q
What species of plant produce proteolytic enzymes which cause the release of histamine and kinins by the body increasing the mechanical damage?
A
Dieffenbachia
7
Q
What plants contain soluble oxalates?
A
Halogeton* Greasewood* Pigweed* Beet Lamb's quarters Rhubarb Sorrel and soursop Purslane
8
Q
What is the mechanism of action for plants containing soluble oxalates?
A
Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissue and kidney damage
9
Q
What type of plants contain Isocupressic acid?
A
Ponderosa pine
Monterey cypress
10
Q
What Plants may cause vasoconstriction and decrease uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion?
A
Ponderosa pine
Monterey cypress
(isocupressic acid containing plants)
11
Q
What plants contain quinones?
A
St. John’s wort
Buckwheat
12
Q
What plants cause primary photosensitization?
A
St. John’s wort
Buckwheat
(quinone containing plants)
13
Q
What clinical signs will you see on animals that have ingested St. John’s work or Buckwheat plants?
A
Erythema, pruritis, edema, necrosis of the skin that usually leads to secondary bacterial infections
14
Q
What plants contain tannic acid (tannins)?
A
Oak tree*
Pride of Barbados, poinciana, bird of paradise
15
Q
What plants cause mainly tissue damage, including GI lessons and kidney damage?
A
Oak tree
Pride of barbados
(tannic acid containing plants)
16
Q
Tannic acid containing plants, such as oak tree and pride of barbados mainly cause GI lesions and kidney damage in what animals?
A
Ruminants
17
Q
Tannic acid containing plants, such as oak tree and pride of barbados mainly cause GI lesions in what animals?
A
Mono gastric animals
18
Q
What clinical signs will you see on cattle with tannic acid toxicity?
A
Constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony
19
Q
What clinical signs will you on mono gastric animals with tannic acid toxicity?
A
GI sings, colic, depression, constipation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus
20
Q
What plants contain triterpene acids?
A
Lantana, yellow sage
21
Q
What plants cause liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization?
A
Lantana, yellow sage (triterpene acids)
22
Q
What do Lantadene A and B cause?
A
Damage of bile canaille membranes and cholestasis
23
Q
What plants decrease elimination of phylloerythrin, a metabolic of chlorophyll, which causes photosensitization?
A
Lantana, yellow sage
24
Q
What clinical signs will you see on an animal that ingested lantana, yellow sage (triterpene acid)?
A
Depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema, swelling, necrosis, sloughing
25
What animals are susceptible to lantana, yellow sage plants and what animals are resistant?
Ruminants - susceptible
| Horses- resistant
26
What plants contain colchicine?
Autumn crocus, Meadow saffron
| Glory lily, climbing lily
27
What plants are antimiotic by binding to tubulin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division?
Autumn crocus, meadow saffron
Glory lily, climbing lily
(Colchicine containing plants)
28
What clinical signs will you see on animal that ingested colchicine containing plants?
Multi organ disfunction - affects all body systems!
| GI, CV, Resp, renal failure, Hepatic, seizures, coagulopathies, myelosupression
29
What plants contain diterpene alkaloids?
Buttercup family
larkspur, delphinium
Monkshood, aconite
30
What plants competitively block the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare?
Larkspur, delphinium
Monkshood, aconite
(Diterpene alkaloid containing plants)
31
What clinical signs will you see on an animal that ate a diterpene alkaloid containing plant?
Neuromuscular blockade signs - muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse
Sudden death in cattle
32
what is the antidote for diterpene alkaloid toxicity?
physostigmine or neostigmine
33
What is the mechanism of action for Ergot plants containing ergot alkaloids?
Vasoconstriction and gangrene
| Uterine contraction
34
What plants contain indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)?
Locoweeds, milk vetches (Astragalus and oxytropis)- legume family
Swainsona canescens in australia
35
What plants inhibit lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins? and also alter cellular function in the brain and many other organs such as endocrine, reproductive, heart, and immune system?
Locoweeds, milkvetches (Astragalus and Oxytropis)
| Indolizidine alkaloid containing plants
36
What do locoweeds also contain, other than indolizidine alkaloids?
neurotoxic alkaloids
37
What do Astragalus and Oxytropis plants also contain other than indolizidine alkaloids?
Nitropropanol glycoside and selenium
38
What does Nitropropanol (in Astragalus and Oxytropis plants) cause?
Peripheral neuronal degeneration and respiratory signs
39
What does selenium (in Astragalus and Oxytropis plants) cause?
abnormal hoof and hair
40
What clinical signs will you see on an animal that ingested plants with Indolizidine alkaloids?
Locoism disease - neuronal signs
Depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, poor performance, decrease immune function
41
What plants contain lycorine?
```
Narcissus*
Kaffir lily, caffir lily
Spider lily
Barbados lily, fire lily
Zephyr lily, rain lily
River lily
```
42
What mechanism of action do lycorine containing plants have?
Emetic and purgative
43
What part of lycorine containing plants is most toxic
The bulb (under the ground)*
44
What plants have muscarine?
Poisonous mushrooms (Amanita muscaria)
45
What plant causes stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, CNS stimulation?
Muscarine containing plants - poisonous mushrooms (Amanita muscaria)
46
What is the antidote for muscarine toxicity?
atropine*
47
What plants contain piperidine alkaloids?
```
Poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, California or nebraska fern
Lupines
Tabacco*
Tree tobacco
Coyte tabacco
```
48
What toxin has nicotinic effects, starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade?
Piperidine alkaloids
49
Piperidine alkaloids include ___ in tabacco, ___ from poison hemlock, and _____ from lupines
Anabasine
Coniine
Ammodendrine
50
What clinical signs will you see on an animal with piperidine alkaloid toxicity?
Ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformations and cleft palate)
51
What plants contain pyridine alkaloids?
Tobacco plant
Tree tobacco
Lobelia
52
What acts on nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapse in the CNS?
Nicotine and lobeline
53
What do low doses of nicotine and lobeline (pyridine alkaloid containing plants) cause?
Depolarization
54
What do large doses of nicotine and lobeline (pyridine alkaloid containing plants) cause?
Blockade
55
What clinical signs will you see with pyridine alkaloid toxicity?
Excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, muscle twitching, muscle weakness, dyspnea
56
What plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
Rattlebox, crotolaria
| Senecio, groundsel, ragwort
57
What do pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants cause?
hepatotoxic
| Hepatic encephalopathy
58
What plants contain solanine and solanidine alkaloids?
```
Nightshade family
Black nightshade
American nightshade
eggplant
tomato
Chinese lantern
Chalice vine
Turkey berry
```
59
What is the MOA for solanine and solanidine alkaloid containing plants?
GI, CNS, resp, cardiac
60
What plants contain Taxine alkaloids?
Japanes yew
61
What is the MOA for Taxine alkaloid containing plants?
Cardiotoxic and GI
62
What plants contain Tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)
Jimsonweed, thornapple, angle's trumpet
Devils trumpet
Henbane
63
what is the antidote for tropane alkaloid toxicity?
neostigmine and physostigmine
64
What plants contain Xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, thyophyllin, theobromine)?
Cocoa
| Coffee
65
What is the MOA for cocoa and coffee plants?
```
Blocking adenosin (A) receptors
Inhibiting phosphodiesterase
```
66
What clinical signs will you see with xanthine alkaloid toxicity?
Salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures!!!
muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination
67
What plants contain anthraquinone glycosides?
Buckthorn
Coffee weed, senna
Aloe vera
Cascara sagrada obtained from Rhamnus purshiana
68
What plant has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and the urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria which may cause kidney damage?
Coffee weed (senna occidentalis)
69
What plant contains Calcinogenic glycosides (vitamin D analog)?
Day blooming Jessamine
| Turkey berry
70
What is the MOA for calcinogenic glycoside containing plants?
Hypercalcemia, calcification of the elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, ligaments as well as generalized increased density of the bones causing lameness
71
What plants contain carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?
Cocklebur
72
What plant is hepatotoxic (liver being the primary target), cause excessive salivation (mechanical injury to the mouth) and may cause renal damage and hypoglycemia?
Cocklebur (xanthium)
| Carboxyatractyloside toxin
73
What plants contain cardiac glycosides?
```
OLEANDER
Foxglove
Yellow oleander, lucky nut, be-still tree
Periwinkle
Squill
Lily of the valley
Milkweed
Purple allamanda, rubber vine
Butterfly weed
Frangipani
Christmas kallanchoe
```
74
What plans are cadiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase?
Cardiac glycoside containing plants,
| Oleander!
75
What plants contain Coumarin glycoside?
Sweet clover
76
What plant causes hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X?
Sweet clover - contains coumarin glycosides
77
What plants contain cyanogenic glycosides?
Wild cherries
Johnsongrass, sudan grass, sorghum
Elderberry
78
What plants inhibit cytochrome oxidase and inhibit cellular respiration, cause vasoconstriction, inhibit glycolysis, citric acid cycle and cause irrigation to the mucous membranes?
Wild cherries
Johnsongrass, sudan grass, sorghum
Elderberry
Cyanogenic glycoside containing plants
79
What plants contain Cycasin?
Sago palm (VERY TOXIC)
Japanese cycad
Cardboard palm
Coontie
80
What plant has three toxins, Cycasin (a glycoside that causes GI and liver damage and is teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic) B-Methylamino-L-alanine - BMAA (neurotoxic amino acid), and an unknown toxin that may cause axonal degeneration?
Cycad palms
81
What plants contain glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycosides)?
Rape seed, Kale, broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, turnip, couliflower, soybean, flax
82
What plants are antithyroid?
Glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycoside) containing plants
83
What plants contain Nitropropanol glycoside?
Milkvetch
Violets
Lotus
Indigo
84
What plants inhibit enzymes of the krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation?
Nitropropanol glycoside containing plants
| Violets
85
What plants contain phytoestrogen?
White clover
Subterranean clover
Alfalfa****
86
What plants bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males?
Alfalfa - phytoestrogen containing plants
87
What plants contain protoanemonin?
```
Buttercup family
Anemone
Ranunculus
Clematis**
Helleborus
```
88
What plants contain ptaquiloside?
Bracken fern
| Brake fern
89
What plants cause death of the precursor cells in the bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep? and also cause neoplasm in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria?
Ptaquiloside containing plants
Bracken fern
Brake fern
90
What plants cause upper digestive tract and retinal degeneration in sheep?
Ptaquiloside containing plants
Bracken fern
Brake fern
91
What plants contain Steroidal saponins?
Lechuguilla, agave
Nolina - agave family
Panicum - grass family
92
What plants cause hepatogenic photosensitization?
Steroidal saponin containing plants
Lechuguilla, agave
as well as Quinone containing plants
St. Johns wort, Buckwheat
93
What plants contain gossypol?
Cottonseed
94
What is cardiotoxic, causes liver damage, reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous, binds to proteins, amino acids and iron, only the free form is toxic, causes protein malnutrition, inhibits enzymes and interferes with hemoglobin synthesis?
Gossypol in cottonseed
95
What does heat do to gossypol?
Changes the toxic free gossypol to the less toxic protein bound gossypol
96
What decreased gossypol toxicity?
Iron salts decrease toxicity by increasing gossypol inactivation and excretion
97
T/F, Ruminants are more sensitive to gossypol toxicity than mono gastric
false - monograstric are more sensitive
98
What causes signs of copper deficiency, including watery bubbly diarrhea, wasting, anemia, depigmentation, demyelination and osteoporosis?
Molybdenum
99
What plant contains copper?
Clovers
100
What do clovers, containing copper cause?
liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia
101
What plants contain selenium?
```
Aster
Woody aster
Princess plume
Milk vetch
Goldenwood
paintbrush
Saltbush
Alfalfa
Tall grasses
```
102
What plants contain Dimethyl disulfide?
Mustards
103
What do large amounts of dimethyl disulfide cause?
Oxidation of RBCs to form heinz bodies which normally is prevented by glutathione
104
What plants contain diterpene esters?
```
Chenille plant, cat tail
Croton
Candelabra "cactus"
Crown of thorns
Poinsettia
Physic nut -- student touched!
```
105
T/F Diterpene esters cause direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes
True
106
What plant did Joshua, a student, touch and have his eye swollen?
Physicnut - contains diterpene ester
107
What plant contains Grayanotoxins?
Rhododendron, Azalea
108
What plants bind to sodium channels in excitable cells (nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, CNS), increase permeability of sodium ions and depolarization?
Grayanotoxins containing plants -
| Rhododendron, azalea
109
What plants contain lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)?
Castor bean
| Precatory bean
110
What plants have ricin and abrin (glycoproteins) that inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death (GI mucosa, vascular endothelial, liver, cardiac, other tissue)
Castor bean
Precatory bean
Lectin containing plants
111
What plant contains meliatoxins?
Chinaberry
112
What is the MOA for chinaberry plants?
Enterotoxic, Neurotoxic
CNS and peripheral neuronal signs generally similar to nicotine poisoning
113
What plants contain propyl disulfide?
Onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek
114
What does disulfides in onions, garlic, etc., produce and cause?
Produce oxygen fre radicals which cause damage to RBC membrane and hemolysis
Denaturing of hemoglobin resulting in heinz bodies
115
What plants contain Tetradymol?
Horsebush - sunflower family
116
What does Tetradymol in horse bush plants cause?
Liver damage, decrease eliminate of phylloerythrin, Photosensitization
117
What species is most susceptible to tetradymol, horse bush plants?
Sheep
118
What plants contain Thiaminase?
Horsetail
| Bracken fern, brake fern
119
What destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in mono gastric animals?
Thiaminase containing plants
| Horsetail, bracken fern, brake fern
120
What plant could cause selenium, nitrate, phytoestrogen and triterpenoid saponin poisoning?
Alfalfa
121
T/F. Resins or resinoids are easily melted or burned, soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents, and lack nitrogen group
False - Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
122
Glycoresisns are resins formed with ___ Oleoresins are resins formed with ___
Sugars
| Essential oils
123
What plants contain resins
Milkweed
Marijuana
Chinaberry
124
What unclosed toxic plant causes hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses only? also hepatic encephalopathy at large amounts?
Alsike clover and red clover
125
What is cardiotoxic in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds and causes noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats and rabbits?
Avocado
126
What causes laminitis in horses from ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood (used as bedding)?
Black walnut
127
What plants cause forage induced photosensitization?
Moldy alfalfa
Red clover
Moldy wheat
128
What do grapes and raisins cause?
An unknown toxin causes acute renal failure only in dogs. must ingest 9oz-2lbs
129
What do lily's cause?
An unknown toxin causes nephrotoxicity only in cats
130
What plant has an unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs and horses?
Pigweed - redroot pigweed
131
What plant has an unknown toxin in dried leaves which causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglo binemia, and heinz body formation in horses?
Red maple
132
What plant has an unknown mycotoxin which causes skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy?
Senna - Coffee senna
| Sicklepod
133
What plant causes a disease in horsed called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing disease?
Yellow star thistle
| Russian knappweed
