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2nd Shifting PHA6131 LEC > Toxic Responses of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Toxic Responses of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system consists of an _______________ that secretes a hormone, the hormone itself, and a _______________ that responds to the hormone.

A

endocrine gland; target tissue

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2
Q

A hormone is a chemical substance produced by a __________ endocrine gland that is secreted into the blood.

A

ductless

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3
Q

What are the hormone-producing glands?

A

pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenals, gonads, and pancreas

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4
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and steroids

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5
Q

The examples of this class of hormones are catecholamines and thyroid hormones. What class are these?

A

amino acid derivatives

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6
Q

An example of this class of hormone are pancreatic hormones. What class are these?

A

peptide hormones

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7
Q

This class of hormone consists of derivatives of cholesterol

A

steroids

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8
Q

Endocrine glands are ________ and ___________ devices that are capable of responding to changes in the internal and external environment and coordinate multiple activities that maintain ____________

A

sensing; signaling; homeostasis

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9
Q

What are the two major subdivisions of the pituitary gland?

A

pars distalis and pars nervosa

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10
Q

this subdivision is also known as the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis

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11
Q

this subdivision is also known as the neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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12
Q

This is the largest subdivision of the pituitary gland and it receives peptides from the hypothalamus through a capillary portal system

A

pars distalis

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13
Q

This subdivision of the pituitary gland has its cell bodies in the hypothalamus with their axons stretching to the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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14
Q

T/F: the anterior pituitary is an extension of your hypothalamus

A

False. Posterior pituitary

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15
Q

The pars distalis receives peptides from the hypothalamus through the _________________________

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal vessels (a capillary portal system)

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16
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone (GH), somatotrophic hormone (STH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyrotropic hormone (TTH), adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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17
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and oxytocin

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18
Q

this hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, enhances water absorption by the kidney and causes contraction of the cardiovascular smooth muscles

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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19
Q

this hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, stimulates contraction of smooth muscles for milk let-down

A

oxytocin

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20
Q

To maintain appropriate homeostasis, the endocrine organ must constantly monitor the systemic hormone concentration, accomplished in the form of ______________________

A

negative feed-back loops

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21
Q

this pituitary toxicant inhibits prolactin, LH, and FSH secretion

A

cadmium

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22
Q

this pituitary toxicant inhibits the release of LH and FSH as well as TSH.

A

Environmental contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls & polybrominated diphenylethers)

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23
Q

these environmental toxicants increase prolactin and LH levels

A

Methoxychlor, dieldrin, eldosulfan

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24
Q

these pituitary toxicant decrease LH and FSH

A

lead and mercury

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25
Q

this pituitary toxicant is a chemical used in the treatment of alcoholics, increases the ACTH precursor mRNA in the anterior pituitary

A

cynamide

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26
Q

this pituitary toxicant reduces pulsatile LH and suppresses the pituitary response to exogenous GnRH.

A

coumestrol

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27
Q

these pituitary toxicants stimulate pituitary proliferation

A

Flame retardants tetrabromo- and tetrachlorobisphenol A

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28
Q

this hormone plays a key role in gonadal function, in synergy with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

leutinizing hormone (LH)

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29
Q

this hormone stimulates follicular growth and ovulation

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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30
Q

T/F: cynamide increases the ACTH precursor mRNA in the anterior pituitary when co-administered with anti-angina drugs.

A

False. cynamide increases the ACTH precursor mRNA in the anterior pituitary when co-administered with ethanol.

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31
Q

T/F: The adrenals are two small glands situated on the superior poles of the kidneys.

A

True

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32
Q

What is the major physiological role of the adrenal gland?

A

management of stress.

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33
Q

What are the two distinct regions of the adrenal gland

A

the outer cortex and the interior medulla

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34
Q

What are the functions of the adrenal cortex?

A

immune system, inflammation, water and electrolyte balance, carbohydrate and protein metabolism

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35
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, and Zona Reticularis

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36
Q

This zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoid aldosterone

A

Zona Glomerulosa

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37
Q

These two zones of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, corticosterone, and cortisol as well as adrenal androgens

A

Zona Fasciculata, and Zona Reticularis

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38
Q

This synthesizes and secretes catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

A

Inner medulla

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39
Q

These adrenocortical toxicants (xenobiotics) target the Zona Fasciculata and Reticularis

A

7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, acrylonitrite, thioacetamide, and basic polyglutamic acid

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40
Q

These adrenocortical toxicants directly target glucocorticoid secretion

A

Spironolactone, ketoconazole, and various Polychlorinated biphenyls

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41
Q

These adrenocortical toxicants causes increased secretion of endogenous glucocorticoids

A

Ethanol, cannabinoids, cocaine, and cytotoxic anticancer drugs

42
Q

It is a functional extension of the nervous system.

A

Adrenal medulla

43
Q

The adrenal medulla is composed of _____________, which are the site of catecholamine synthesis and secretion.

A

chromaffin cells

44
Q

In the adrenal medulla, sympathetic and cholinergic stimulation of the cell bodies results in the secretion of _____________, which behave as hormones.

A

catecholamines

45
Q

T/F: Catecholamines affect all tissues, but are more pronounced in the heart, liver, skeletal muscles, adipocytes, bronchial smooth muscle and vascular smooth muscles

A

True

46
Q

T/F: In adrenal medulla toxicity, the toxins that target the chromaffin cells are toxins that block voltage-gated ion channels and bacterial toxins resulting in the blockage of exocytosis of secretory granules thereby preventing catecholamine release

A

True

47
Q

What is the most common pathological changes in adrenal medulla toxicity?

A

proliferative lesions classified as nodular hyperplasia

48
Q

This is characterized by having large benign adrenal medullary proliferative lesions

A

pheochromacytoma

49
Q

T/F: pheochromacytoma is also caused by having too much adrenaline from the adrenal gland

A

True

50
Q

This is the most powerful mitogenic stimulus to cause chromaffin cell proliferation in the adrenal medulla in rats, which is due to impaired calcium homeostasis resulting in hypercalcemia

A

vitamin D

51
Q

In long-term animal studies, pheochromocytomas often are accompanied by _______ or toxic effects in other organs.

A

tumors

52
Q

This gland is located below the larynx

A

thyroid gland

53
Q

The thyroid gland secretes two hormones known as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from the ______________.

A

thyroid follicle

54
Q

are important regulators of overall metabolism, with their primary target tissues including the liver, kidney, heart, brain, pituitary, gonads, and spleen

A

T4 and T3

55
Q

Thyroid toxicity consists of ______________ or ____________, or a significant impairment in brain development and function

A

hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism

56
Q

This thyroid toxicant is one of the best characterized thyroid disrupting chemicals.

A

Polychlorinated biphenyls

57
Q

T/F: Polychlorinated biphenyls interfere with the thyroid system that leads to serious ophthalmic defects.

A

False. Polychlorinated biphenyls interfere with the thyroid system that leads to serious neurocognitive defects.

58
Q

T/F: Polychlorinated biphenyls decrease the level of thyroid hormone by inhibiting synthesis and/or increasing the metabolism.

A

True

59
Q

These thyroid toxicants are structurally similar with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which also leads to neurocognitive defects.

A

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

60
Q

This thyroid toxicant inhibits thyroid hormone levels, possibly leading to hypothyroid-like outcomes.

A

perchlorate

61
Q

these thyroid toxicants increase thyroid volume and induce antibodies that attack the thyroid gland, resulting in autoimmune thyroid disease.

A

Pesticide mixtures containing dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DD)

62
Q

These thyroid toxicants may alter the levels of T3 and T4 in adult men and pregnant women (hypothyroidism)

A

phthalates

63
Q

this thyroid toxicant blocks T3 action by antagonizing the binding of T3 to its receptor.

A

bisphenol A

64
Q

These thyroid toxicants decrease T3 and T4 levels by potentially upregulating phase II enzymes in liver and deiodinases in the thyroid.

A

perfluorinated chemicals (perfluorooctanoic sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid)

65
Q

T/F: Humans have four parathyroid glands that are embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland.

A

True

66
Q

T/F: Parathyroid glands are composed mainly of chromaffin cells that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

False. They are composed of mainly chief cells that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).

67
Q

This hormone helps maintain normal plasma calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

68
Q

When the parathyroids are removed or damaged, PTH levels drop, causing a major drop in circulating calcium levels. In turn, this can lead to _______________ and ________.

A

tetanic convulsions; death

69
Q

These parathyroid toxicants lead to parathyroid cancer

A

Lead, rotenone, malathion, and hexachlorobenzene

70
Q

T/F: Chemicals cause death of the parathyroid cells, resulting in a reduced size and limited release of PTH

A

True

71
Q

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone that is derived from a precursor molecule called ______________________________

A

preproparathyroid hormone

72
Q

T/F: Xenobiotics may interfere with the normal synthesis of PTH.

A

True

73
Q

These parathyroid xenobiotics inhibit PTH secretion

A

Aluminum and cadmium

74
Q

This causes decreased PTH levels in pregnant rats

A

Alcohol consumption

75
Q

This causes rise in PTH levels and abnormally high calcium levels.

A

Lithium

76
Q

What is the main physiological role of the parathyroid gland?

A

control circulating calcium levels

77
Q

T/F: PTH works in concert with calcitonin (CT) and vitamin D.

A

True

78
Q

T/F: PTH increases circulating calcium levels by increasing calcium release from the bone through mineralization.

A

False. Demineralization

79
Q

T/F: PTH inhibits the hepatic reabsorption of phosphate, which aids in increasing the solubility of calcium.

A

False. Renal reabsorption

80
Q

T/F: PTH enhances magnesium reabsorption, inhibits bicarbonate ion reabsorption, and facilitates the exchange of sodium ions by the tubules.

A

False. Blocks the exchange of sodium ions by the tubules.

81
Q

This is also Known as the Islets of Langerhans

A

Endocrine pancreas

82
Q

T/F: Islet cells are sensors of ____________ homeostasis that respond to changes in their nutrient and hormonal environment.

A

glucose

83
Q

What is the major physiological function of the endocrine pancreas?

A

primary homeostatic regulator of fuel metabolism, particularly circulating glucose

84
Q

T/F: Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin are pancreatic hormones

A

True

85
Q

This pancreatic hormone functions as a hormone release inhibitor.

A

somatostatin

86
Q

This pancreatic hormone is a primary hormone with action counterregulatory to insulin, stimulates catabolic processes to prevent hypoglycemia.

A

glucagon

87
Q

This pancreatic hormone stimulate anabolic processes (energy storage).

A

Insulin

88
Q

This pancreatic hormone can be stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and amino acids, arginine, leucine, and alanine.

A

Glucagon

89
Q

This pancreatic hormone lowers blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and promote their conversion to their storage form

A

Insulin

90
Q

What is the storage form of glucose after insulin action

A

glycogen

91
Q

What is the storage form of fatty acids?

A

triglycerides

92
Q

What is the storage form of amino acids?

A

proteins

93
Q

T/F: insulin and somatostatin inhibits glucagon secretion

A

True

94
Q

This is a pancreatic hormone, responsible for the regulation of neuroendocrine function to inhibit secretion of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary.

A

somatostatin

95
Q

The insulin-secreting ___________ are particularly sensitive to chemical attack.

A

beta cells

96
Q

T/F: The clinical consequences of insulin deficiency are more severe than those that would result from glucagon deficiency

A

True

97
Q

T/F: The other counterregulatory hormones that oppose insulin action can compensate for or reduce glucagon regulation.

A

True

98
Q

T/F: Insulin resistance and defective function of pancreatic beta cells usually occur sometime after the development of Type 2 Diabetes.

A

False. Insulin resistance and defective function of pancreatic beta cells usually occur sometime BEFORE the development of Type 2 Diabetes.

99
Q

Insulin resistance is associated with increasing circulating levels of ________ and ________

A

dioxins and mercury.

100
Q

T/F: Endocrine glands are collections of specialized cells that synthesize, store, and release their secretions directly into the bloodstream

A

True

101
Q

T/F: Toxicants can influence the synthesis, storage, and release of hypothalamic-releasing hormones, adenohypophyseal releasing hormones, and the endocrine gland–specifc hormones.

A

True

102
Q

T/F: Each type of endocrine cell in the adenohypophysis is under the control of a specific releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

A

True

2nd Shifting PHA6131 LEC (6 decks)

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