Toxicity

Question 1

Which toxicity leads to hypoglycemia due to rapid release of insulin?

Answer 1

Xylitol

Question 2

Latrodectus mactans (Black widow spider)

Answer 2

Release toxin that binds to calcium channels causing ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves.

Question 3

Cholecalciferol or Vit D3 (Rodenticide)

Answer 3

Synthesized in the skin by Sun exposure or diet. It gets converted in the kidney to active Vit.D (calcitriol) to cause reabsorption of calcium, but a excessive consumption can lead to fatal hypercalcemia.

Question 4

Ethylene glycol (look for what?) aka Drunken Sailor and treatment

Answer 4

Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia (hyperosmolality) due to fluid loss (polyuria) and dehydration
High anion gap
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperglycemia

Treat with 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) - inhibits enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in charge of metabolizing ethylene glycol and its toxin byproduct.

Question 5

Organophosphate and treatment

Answer 5

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase (ace) causing muscarinic signs (SLUDGE) , Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI signs (vomit/diarrhea) and Emesis. and Dyspnea.

Treat with cholinesterase agonist/muscarinic antagonist) like Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) or Diazepam and Atropine.

You want to decrease the amount of Acetylcholine that is stimulation the muscarinic receptors.

Question 6

Methylxanthines (caffein, theobromine, theophylline) and treatment

Answer 6

Toxin components in chocolates. Clinical signs appear 6-12 hours after ingestion including (vomits/diarrhea, PU/PD and CNS signs)

Activated charcoal (recent ingestion) - prevent absorption of toxin by GI tract
Gastric la age ( significant ingestion)
Diazepam - seizure control
Fluids - dehydration due to loss of fluids

Question 7

Acetaminophen toxicity (Tylenol) aka Paracetamol

Answer 7

Toxic to cats
Cats lack glucoronyl transferase- leading to methemoglobinemia (oxidative damage to hemoglobin)
Treat with N-acetylcystein

Question 8

Ant bait contains what toxin and what is the treatment ?

Answer 8

1. Arsenic
2. Succimer ( dimercaptosuccinic acid DMSA) or chelator (D-Penicillamineas)

Question 9

Canine copper associated hepatopathy

Answer 9

Dietary copper restrictions and oral D-penicillamine (chelation)

Question 10

Cholecalciferol toxicity shows what in serum biochemistry?

Answer 10

Hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia