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Intro To Forensics > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

A lethal dose is typically….

A

Higher than a therapeutic dose

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2
Q

Symptoms of a stimulant

A

Reduced appetite
Elevated heart rate
Increased blood pressure

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3
Q

Fatal dose varies based on

A

Weight and gender

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4
Q

Free base

A

The amino group within the cocaine has lost a hydrogen atom

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5
Q

Crack cocaine

A

Makes a crackling sound when heated to the volatilization point

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6
Q

Xenobiotic

A

Substances foreign to the body

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7
Q

The main reason driving the production of designer drugs is

A

A desire to avoid legal controls

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8
Q

Retention time

A

The time when a compound emerges from the chromatography column

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9
Q

Which bodily fluid doesn’t putrefy quickly?

A

Vitreous humor

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10
Q

Some schedule I drugs

A

Heroin
MDMA
LSD
Marijuana
Bath salts
(no nationwide approved medical use)

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11
Q

ADME

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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12
Q

Opiate

A

Large class of drugs capable of relieving pain and causing euphoria

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13
Q

What kind of change does a drug cause once ingested?

A

Physiological

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14
Q

Forensic Drug Analysis

A

process of examining and identifying materials which contain controlled substances (i.e., drugs) and/or their precursors

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15
Q

Chromatography

A

physical method of separation that works by partitioning complex mixtures of substances into individual components based on interactions between a stationary and mobile phase

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16
Q

Gas chromatography

A

Thin hollow tube, walls of tube are coated with a viscous liquid, mobilephase is an inert gas

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17
Q

Liquid chromatography

A

mobile phase is pushed through the stationary phase with high pressure pumps

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18
Q

Thin-layer chromatography

A

uses a solid stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase

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19
Q

With a gas or liquid chromatograph, the location of the peak on the X axis is measured in _____ and indicates the ____. The size of the peak indicates _______.

A

time; identity of the chemical; the amount of the chemical

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20
Q

With a mass spectrometer, the location of the peak on the X axis tells us the ______, and indicates ______. The size of the peak tells us ______.

A

ion size; part of the molecular structure; how common that fragment is

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21
Q

I have a sample of street cocaine that I believe to be cut with a variety of other materials. Which would be the appropriate test to figure out what all is in my sample?

A

gas chromatography

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22
Q

When using the gas chromatograph (GC) to determine someone’s BAC, the we must have a peak emerge at the correct _____ to demonstrate that ethanol was present, and the ______ demonstrates the amount of the drug present.

A

time; peak size

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23
Q

Narcotics

A

drugs that relieve pain by depressing an action in the central nervous system

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24
Q

Depressants

A

depress functions within the central nervous system

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25
Stimulants
increase an individual’s alertness or activity level and can lead to decrease in fatigue and loss of appetite
26
Hallucinogens
cause changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods
27
Schedule I drugs
high potential for abuse and have no currently accepted medical use
28
Schedule II drugs
high potential for abuse and have medical use but there are severe restrictions on this use
29
Schedule III drugs
less potential for being abused and have a currently accepted medical use
30
Schedule IV/V drugs
low potential for abuse and have a current medical use
31
Microcrystalline tests
identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of the crystals that form when drugs are mixed with specific reagents
32
Duquenois-Levine
used for marijuana, produces a purple color
33
Ehrlich’s
used for LSD, produces a purple color
34
Marquis
used for (meth)amphetamine, produces orange and red
35
Cobalt Thiocyanate
used for cocaine, produces blue precipitate in pink solution
36
Dille-Koppanyi and Zwikker
used for barbiturates, produces a purple color
37
A new drug from China causes you to feel super energetic and happy. It makes it unsafe to drive or operate machines like a toaster oven, and is commonly taken by young people. Doctors don't know what to do with it. Given that inforamtion, how should this new drug be scheduled?
Schedule I
38
Benzodiazepines
Drugs primarily used to treat anxiety
39
Amphetamines
Pills (mostly) used for stimulant and happy-feeling purposes
40
A woman believes that she has been sexually assaulted after someone added rohypnol (a benzodiazepine) to her drink. However, she has also been prescribed Xanax for anxiety. If a blood test comes back positive for benzodiazepines, what would you believe?
It is impossible to determine with this test
41
Recently, most states have legalized cannabinoid consumption, so long as it does not contain more than 0.3% of the significantly psychotropic cannabinoid _______
THC
42
A toxicologist would be involved in the identification and quantification of which materials?
Nicotine Fumocoumarin Ritalin
43
Ricin
potent nerve poison that can be produced from the castor bean (aka castor oil) plant
44
The correct presumptive test for percoset (an opiate pain medication) would be
urine immunoassay
45
Drugs don't appear in the urine until
after they've been metabolized
46
Formula for calculating lethal dose
(Weight * LD50)/(Pill Concentration) = # of Pills
47
Spectrophotometer produces what information?
Objectively defines color Absorbance is a function of structure
48
Chromotagraph produces what information?
Separates a mixture of chemicals into component parts
49
Spectrometer produces what information?
Compares the structure of a known chemical with an unknown chemical
50
When do we use spectrophotometers?
Need to avoid harming evidence Material unlikely to be a mixture
51
When do we use chromatography?
When evidence is a complete mixture We need to quantify components
52
When do we use mass spectrometry?
When evidence is unknown When we need to identify a specific chemical structure
53
Clandestine Drugs
Illegal drugs produced by groups or individuals
54
Examples of illicit amphetamines
Methamphetamine and MDMA
55
Exogenous
made outside of the body
56
Mathieu Orfila
father of toxicology
57
Steps of drug processing in the body
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination
58
Metabolites
intermediate breakdown products
59
Enzymes in the digestive system attack materials that are _______
swallowed
60
Analog drugs
Drugs that are similar but not identical to existing drugs

Intro To Forensics (19 decks)

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