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CC2, Toxicology > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

study of the undesirable effects of
xenobiotics in humans

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

chemicals and drugs that are
not normally found in or produced by the
body

A

Xenobiotic

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3
Q

can be obtained through the environmental exposure to chemicals or drugs

A

Xenobiotic

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4
Q

substances that are not
produced within a living cell or
microorganism

A

Toxicant

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5
Q

commonly used to describe
environmental chemicals

A

Toxicant

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6
Q

endogenous substances biologically
synthesized either in living cells or in
microorganisms

A

Toxin

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7
Q

the dose that has a therapeutic effect in 50% of the
population

A

ED50

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8
Q

the dose that would result in
death in 50% of the population

A

LD50

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9
Q

the dose that would produce a toxic response in 50% of the population

A

TD50

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10
Q

The three (3) common routes of exposure

A

Ingestion, Inhalation, and Transdermal Absorption

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11
Q

have the ability to
diffuse across the cell membrane

A

Hydrophobic substances

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12
Q

can be absorbed
anywhere along the GIT

A

Hydrophobic substances

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13
Q

cannot passively diffuse
across membranes

A

Ionized substances

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14
Q

become protonated in gastric
acid

A

Weak acids

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15
Q

can be absorbed in the stomach

A

Weak acids

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16
Q

absorbed in the intestine where
the pH is largely neutral or slightly alkaline

A

Weak bases

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17
Q

Incidence of defined biological effect in an
exposed population

A

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

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18
Q

Implies that there will be an increase in the
toxic response as the dose is increased

A

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

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19
Q

Can be described by dose-response curves

A

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

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20
Q

Most commonly encountered non drug toxins
seen in a clinical setting

A

TOXICOLOGY OF SPECIFIC AGENTS

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21
Q

Cause medical emergencies with acute
exposure

A

TOXICOLOGY OF SPECIFIC AGENTS

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22
Q

Can cause general (depressant on CNS) and
specific effects

A

Alcohols

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23
Q

Site of metabolism of alcohol

A

LIVER

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24
Q

Most commonly abused drug

A

Ethanol

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25
consumption of this during pregnancy may lead to fetal alcohol syndrome
Ethanol
26
it causes brain damage and growth problems
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
27
this promotes adduct formation
Acetaldehyde
28
product of direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product
Adduct
29
causes diuresis by inhibiting ADH
Ethanol
30
Effects of Ethanol Consumption
Toxic hepatitis and Liver cirrhosis
31
Antidote for chronic intoxication:
DIAZEPAM
32
two enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism
Alcoholic dehydrogenase and Aldehyde dehydrogenase
33
Commonly laboratory solvent
Methanol
34
Effects of Methanol Consumption
Severe metabolic acidosis, Tissue injury, Optic neuropathy, and Death
35
Kind of alcohol that excessive intake may lead to death
Methanol
36
The end product of methanol metabolism
Formic Acid
37
The end product of ethanol metabolism
Acetaldehyde adducts
38
The end product of isopropanol metabolism
Acetone
39
Another term for methanol
Wood Alcohol
40
Another term for Isopropanol
Rubbing Alcohol
41
Another term for Ethylene Glycol
1,2-ethanediol
42
Another term for Ethanol
Grain Alcohol
43
Antidote used for rubbing alcohol
Activated Charcoal
44
Component of hydraulic fluid and antifreeze
Ethylene Glycol
45
Indigestion by children is common due to its ____________
sweet taste
46
Effects of Ethylene Glycol
Metabolic acidosis and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys
47
The end product of ethylene glycol metabolism
oxalic acid
48
What is the alcohol concentration when the symptoms begin?
>0.05% w/v (>50 mg/dL blood alcohol)
49
No obvious impairment
0.01 to 0.05
50
Mild euphoria, decreased inhibitions, some impairment of motor skills
0.03 to 0.12
51
Decreased inhibitions, loss of critical judgment, memory impairment, diminished reaction time
0.09 to 0.25
52
Mental confusion, dizziness, strongly impaired motor skills (staggering, slurred speech)
0.18 to 0.30
53
Unable to stand or walk, vomiting, impaired consciousness
0.27 to 0.40
54
Coma and possible death
0.35 to 0.50
55
Presumptive evidence or driving under influence of alcohol
> 0.10
56
Colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is rapidly absorbed into the circulation
Carbon Monoxide
57
This gas binds with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
Carbon Monoxide
58
Treatment for CO poisoning
100% O2 therapy
59
Quantitative assay for carbon monoxide poisoning
Spectrophotometry and Gas chromatography
60
Effects of Carbon monoxide poisoning
causes a leftward shift in O2-Hb dissociation curve, resulting in a decrease in the amount of O2 delivered to the tissues → hypoxia
61
The affinity of CO to hemoglobin
200-225x greater than O2
62
This color indicates a positive result of the carbon monoxide screening assay
persistent pink color
63
know as the "Supertoxic" substance
Cyanide
64
Toxicity of cyanide is expressed by ___________ causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation that leads to rapid depletion of cellular ATP as a result of the inability of O2 to accept electrons
binding to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
65
Indication of cyanide toxicity
ODOR OF BITTER ALMONDS breath and altered mental status
66
The high levels of cyanide toxicity will lead to
seizure, coma, and DEATH
67
The low levels of cyanide toxicity will lead to
headache, dizziness, and respiratory depression
68
Assay used for Cyanide
Ion-selective electrode and Photometric analysis
69
most abundant and responsible for about ⅓ of all pesticide poisoning
Organophosphates
70
Binds with high affinity to several proteins including cholinesterase resulting to its inhibition (irreversible inhibition)
Pesticides
71
What is the laboratory result when exposed to pesticides?
decreased cholinesterase level
72
Common homicide or suicide agent and agent of heavy metal poisoning
Arsenic
73
Component of ant poisons, rodenticides, paints and metal alloys
Arsenic
74
Specimens used for evaluating chronic exposure of arsenic
Hair and Nails
75
white lines of discoloration across the nails of the fingers and toes
Mees lines
76
Indication of arsenic toxicity
GARLICKY BREATH ODOR AND METALLIC TASTE
77
Antidote for Arsenic
British anti-lewisite (BAL)
78
methods used for arsenic
Reinsch test, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
79
result from ingestion of acidic foods stored or prepared in metal containers made up of metal/metalloids
Cadmium Poisoning
80
Sources of lead
Paint and Gasoline
81
Mode of acquisition of lead
Ingestion and inhalation
82
Poisoning where there is a presence of coarse basophilic stippling in RBC
Lead
83
Lead chelators
EDTA and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMA)
84
Potent enzyme inhibitor and has the ability to amalgamate – mix or merge with other substances
Mercury
85
Modes of acquisition of mercury
inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion
86
General toxic effect of mercury
Organ dysfunction: lungs, kidney, CNS
87
Major toxic effect of mercury
Elemental mercury: ➔ Pink disease (acrodynia) ➔ Erethism (hypersensitivity of an organ to a stimulus) Alkyl mercury: congenital Minamata disease
88
hypersensitivity of an organ to a stimulus
Erethism
89
Pink disease
acrodynia
90
Methods used for mercury
Reinsch test, AAS, Stripping voltammetry
91
QUALITATIVE test to detect a heavy metal in which a strip of clean pure copper foil is heated with the test material in an acid solution (HCl) to produce a reaction that will indicate the presence of a heavy metal
Reinsch Test

CC2, Toxicology (1 decks)

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