Toxicology

Question 1

Abiotic Degradation

Answer 1

The breakdown of non-living things, photolysis and hydrolysis

Question 2

Absorption

Answer 2

The act of being taken up or in, especially the passage of a compound through a surface of the body or into the body, systemic circulation

Question 3

Ames Test

Answer 3

test for mutagens using bacteria

Question 4

Anthropogenic

Answer 4

man-made toxins

Question 5

Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor

Answer 5

Ligand-activated transcription factor present in many cells which links environmental chemical stimuli with adaptive responses, such as detoxification

Question 6

Bioaccumulation

Answer 6

tendency of a compound to accumulate in the bodies of organisms from the environment

Question 7

Bioassay

Answer 7

a measurement of the effect of a chemical

Question 8

Bioavailability

Answer 8

the fraction of a substance available for absorption into a biological system

Question 9

Bioconcentration Factor

Answer 9

ratio of the concentration of the chemical in the organism and water at equilibrium

Question 10

Biomagnification

Answer 10

a food chain phenomenon, where by a substance is found at higher concentrations at higher levels of the food chain

Question 11

Biomarker

Answer 11

a biological event that is indicative of exposure to a toxicant or a class of toxin

Question 12

Exposure

Answer 12

used to asses the amount of chemical that is present within the body

Question 13

Effect

Answer 13

used to asses the biological effect to a chemical, measuring how the organism respornded

Question 14

Susceptibility

Answer 14

used to predict the likely impact of exposure to a chemical, usually by assessing a genetic or metabolic predisposition to how the organism will respond to exposure

Question 15

Bioremediation

Answer 15

natural processes that help eliminate toxins

Question 16

Carbamate Insecticides

Answer 16

developed to address DDT’s problem, not very toxic to vertebrates and break down quickly

Question 17

Dioxin-like chemicals

Answer 17

indoles, flavones, benzoflavones, imidazoles, and pyridines, these compounds are metabolized rapidly, but continuous intake from food may cause similar receptor activation as the background levels of dioxins

Question 18

Henrys Law

Answer 18

Vapor pressure/water solubility (higher KH = more toxin in air)

Question 19

Hydrolysis

Answer 19

the reaction of water with the chemical addition of a water molecule to the chemical, often double bonds or causes the release of part of the chemical-replaced by oxygen from water rate of hydrolysis is often affected by temp, light and PH

Question 19

Hyperaccumulation

Answer 19

the process of uptake, translocation and accumulation of the heavy metals at concentrations higher than the surrounding in different parts of the plant

Question 19

Botanicals

Answer 19

metabolites that occur in nature like rotenone and black leaf 40

Question 20

Organophosphate Insecticides

Answer 20

one type of pesticide that works by damaging an enzyme in the body called acetylcholinesterase

Question 21

Persistence

Answer 21

slow to break down

Question 22

photolysis

Answer 22

light can be absorbed by some chemical bonds absorbed light increase energy in bond and may break the bond

Question 23

Direct photolysis

Answer 23

direct effect on the chemical

Question 24

Indirect photlysis

Answer 24

light-absorbed species and it transfer energy to another chemical - transferred energy causes degradation of the second chemical

Question 25

phytodegredation

Answer 25

the alteration or breakdown of materials by light

Question 26

phytoremediation

Answer 26

the use of plants and associated soil microbes to reduce the concentration or toxic effects of contaminants in the environment