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Environmental Health Science > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

toxicology

A

the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem

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2
Q

toxic chemical dangers

A

allergens, immune system depressants, neurotoxins, mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens

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3
Q

arsenic uses

A

wood preservative

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4
Q

lead uses

A

batteries, solder, ammunition

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5
Q

mercury uses

A

manometers, amalgams, switches

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6
Q

vinyl chlodride uses

A

intermediate used for polymer polyvinyl chloride

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7
Q

polychlorinated biphenyls uses

A

coolant fluids (banned in 1979(

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8
Q

benzene uses

A

component of gasoline

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9
Q

cadmium uses

A

batteries, electroplating

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10
Q

DDT uses

A

insecticide (banned in 1972)

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11
Q

Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR): Substance Priority List

A

arsenic, lead, mercury, vinyl chloride, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, cadmium, DDT

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12
Q

routes of exposure

A

inhalation, ingestion, dermal

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13
Q

“the dose makes the poison”

A

Paracelsus

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14
Q

what does a high number of revertants mean during an ames test?

A

the substance
being tested causes mutations

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15
Q

what are the axes of a dose response curve?

A

x axis: dose
y axis: number of individuals first responding

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16
Q

what does a dose response curve show?

A

the dose at which people begin to respond to a toxin

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17
Q

what is an LD 50

A

lethal dose 50% - the dose at which 50% of recipients die

18
Q

risk

A

exposure to the chance of injury or loss; a hazard or dangerous chance

19
Q

what to consider when setting standards for environmental toxins

A
  • combined effects of exposure to many different sources of damage
  • different sensitivities of members of the population
  • effects of chronic and acute exposures
20
Q

what is the foremost cause of death worldwide?

A

infectious diseases

21
Q

how much have deaths from infectious diseases increased since 1980?

A

58%

22
Q

ebola

A

vector: virus
symptoms: muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, severe bleeding, bruising

23
Q

spanish flu

A

vector: virus
- overcrowding and unsanitary conditions, killed a large number of healthy adults

24
Q

HIV

A

vector: virus
- leads to AIDS, can take up to 10 yrs to show symptoms

25
Q

Hepatitis C

A

vector: virus, transmitted through blood
symptoms: abdominal pain, jaundice, liver failure and death

26
Q

Hantavirus

A

vector: virus, aerosolized rodent feces
symptoms: fluid buildup in the lungs

27
Q

Legionella- legionnaires disease

A

vector: bacteria, inhaling contaminated, aerosolized water from cooling and plumbing systems
symptoms: serious pnemonia

28
Q

E. coli O157:H7 - shiga toxin producing

A

vector: bacteria, undercooked beef
symptoms: hemolytic uremic syndrome, destruction of red blood cells, causes kidney failure

29
Q

Lyme disease

A

vector: bacteria, borrelia burgdorfeli, mice and deer are reservoir hosts
symptoms: fever, rash, facial paralysis, arthritis, depression, and anxiety

30
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

vector: bacteria, live in the lesions in your stomach, in milk and meat
symptoms: ulcers

31
Q

MRSA- Methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus

A

vector: bacteria, resistant to commonly used antibiotics
symptoms: skin infections, can lead to blood or organ infections, sepsis

32
Q

Cholera

A

vector: bacteria, vibrio cholerae (serotype 0139)
symptoms: diarrhea, dehydration, fever

33
Q

Tuberculosis

A

vector: bacteria
symptoms: fever, a persistent cough that produces a bloody phlem, 80% death rate without treatment

34
Q

Streptococcus Group A

A

vector: bacteria
symptoms: necrotizing “flesh-eating”

35
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

vector: water-borne parasite, resistant to chlorine
- highly infectious, 10 oocyts can cause illness

36
Q

Malaria

A

vector: plasmodium parasite
symptoms: anemia, jaundice, loss of red blood cells

37
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

vector: larval forms of the parasite released by snails
symptoms: fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, 25% mortality without treatment

38
Q

dengue fever

A

vector: virus, transmitted by mosquito
symptoms: bone crushing fever

39
Q

influenza

A
  • virus
  • 20,000 deaths annually
  • 30 pandemics
40
Q

What are the two ways antibiotic resistance spreads?

A
  • mutation and selection create drug-resistant strains
  • conjugation transfers drug resistance from one strain to another

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