Toxicology

Question 1

toxicology

Answer 1

the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem

Question 2

toxic chemical dangers

Answer 2

allergens, immune system depressants, neurotoxins, mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens

Question 3

arsenic uses

Answer 3

wood preservative

Question 4

lead uses

Answer 4

batteries, solder, ammunition

Question 5

mercury uses

Answer 5

manometers, amalgams, switches

Question 6

vinyl chlodride uses

Answer 6

intermediate used for polymer polyvinyl chloride

Question 7

polychlorinated biphenyls uses

Answer 7

coolant fluids (banned in 1979(

Question 8

benzene uses

Answer 8

component of gasoline

Question 9

cadmium uses

Answer 9

batteries, electroplating

Question 10

DDT uses

Answer 10

insecticide (banned in 1972)

Question 11

Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR): Substance Priority List

Answer 11

arsenic, lead, mercury, vinyl chloride, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, cadmium, DDT

Question 12

routes of exposure

Answer 12

inhalation, ingestion, dermal

Question 13

“the dose makes the poison”

Answer 13

Paracelsus

Question 14

what does a high number of revertants mean during an ames test?

Answer 14

the substance
being tested causes mutations

Question 15

what are the axes of a dose response curve?

Answer 15

x axis: dose
y axis: number of individuals first responding

Question 16

what does a dose response curve show?

Answer 16

the dose at which people begin to respond to a toxin

Question 17

what is an LD 50

Answer 17

lethal dose 50% - the dose at which 50% of recipients die

Question 18

risk

Answer 18

exposure to the chance of injury or loss; a hazard or dangerous chance

Question 19

what to consider when setting standards for environmental toxins

Answer 19

• combined effects of exposure to many different sources of damage
• different sensitivities of members of the population
• effects of chronic and acute exposures

Question 20

what is the foremost cause of death worldwide?

Answer 20

infectious diseases

Question 21

how much have deaths from infectious diseases increased since 1980?

Answer 21

58%

Question 22

ebola

Answer 22

vector: virus
symptoms: muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, severe bleeding, bruising

Question 23

spanish flu

Answer 23

vector: virus
- overcrowding and unsanitary conditions, killed a large number of healthy adults

Question 24

HIV

Answer 24

vector: virus
- leads to AIDS, can take up to 10 yrs to show symptoms

Question 25

Hepatitis C

Answer 25

vector: virus, transmitted through blood symptoms: abdominal pain, jaundice, liver failure and death

Question 26

Hantavirus

Answer 26

vector: virus, aerosolized rodent feces symptoms: fluid buildup in the lungs

Question 27

Legionella- legionnaires disease

Answer 27

vector: bacteria, inhaling contaminated, aerosolized water from cooling and plumbing systems symptoms: serious pnemonia

Question 28

E. coli O157:H7 - shiga toxin producing

Answer 28

vector: bacteria, undercooked beef symptoms: hemolytic uremic syndrome, destruction of red blood cells, causes kidney failure

Question 29

Lyme disease

Answer 29

vector: bacteria, borrelia burgdorfeli, mice and deer are reservoir hosts symptoms: fever, rash, facial paralysis, arthritis, depression, and anxiety

Question 30

Heliobacter pylori

Answer 30

vector: bacteria, live in the lesions in your stomach, in milk and meat symptoms: ulcers

Question 31

MRSA- Methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus

Answer 31

vector: bacteria, resistant to commonly used antibiotics symptoms: skin infections, can lead to blood or organ infections, sepsis

Question 32

Cholera

Answer 32

vector: bacteria, vibrio cholerae (serotype 0139) symptoms: diarrhea, dehydration, fever

Question 33

Tuberculosis

Answer 33

vector: bacteria symptoms: fever, a persistent cough that produces a bloody phlem, 80% death rate without treatment

Question 34

Streptococcus Group A

Answer 34

vector: bacteria symptoms: necrotizing "flesh-eating"

Question 35

Cryptosporidium

Answer 35

vector: water-borne parasite, resistant to chlorine - highly infectious, 10 oocyts can cause illness

Question 36

Malaria

Answer 36

vector: plasmodium parasite symptoms: anemia, jaundice, loss of red blood cells

Question 37

Schistosomiasis

Answer 37

vector: larval forms of the parasite released by snails symptoms: fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, 25% mortality without treatment

Question 38

dengue fever

Answer 38

vector: virus, transmitted by mosquito symptoms: bone crushing fever

Question 39

influenza

Answer 39

- virus - 20,000 deaths annually - 30 pandemics

Question 40

What are the two ways antibiotic resistance spreads?

Answer 40

- mutation and selection create drug-resistant strains - conjugation transfers drug resistance from one strain to another