Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

POS 3 > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How should we go about treating toxicity cases?

A

Treat the ptx not the toxin
major body assessment: what can kill our ptx first and how can we get that under control?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is there to consider when dealing with a toxin?

A

What?
When?
How much (toxic dose, volume)
Clinical signs?
Recumbent/seizure/gag reflex
Pharmacokinetics (enterohepatic, renal, charcoal binding, antidote)
Risk of treatment?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the potential treatments for toxins?

A

emesis
gastric lavage
enema
activated charcoal
sorbitol (cathartic)
IVF
dermal decontamination
antidotes
intralipid
dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the categories for ddx?

A

VITAMIN D
- vascular
- inflammatory/infectious/immune mediated
- toxin/trauma
- anomalies
- idiopathic/iatrogenic
- neoplasia/nutritional
- degenerative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is considered a toxic dose?

A

lethal dose in 50% of animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the indications for emesis as tx for toxins?

A

ingestion under 4h
this depends on what is ingested as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the contraindications for emesis as tx for toxins?

A

neurological changes: recumbent, unconscious, no gag, seizure
caustic (acid/alkali/bleach)
petroleums
detergents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the complications possible with emesis as tx for toxins?

A

aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do we induce emesis?

A

apomorphine for dogs

xylazine, medetomidine, dexmedetomidine for cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the indications for gastric/colonic lavage as tx for toxins?

A

ingestion under 4h
emesis contraindicated
ingested large amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the contraindications for gastric/colonic lavage as tx for toxins?

A

caustic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the possible complications for gastric/colonic lavage as tx for toxins?

A

aspiration pneumonia
cuffed et tube
hypothermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do we do a gastric lavage?

A

general anaesthesia, cuffed et tube (length from muzzle to last rib)
water, slosh in abdomen, tube below animal to empty and repeat until no contents left
kink tube so contents dont link in oesophagus when removing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the indications for activated charcoal as a tx for toxins?

A

toxins which can bind to charcoal
enterohepatic metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the contraindications for activated charcoal as a tx for toxins?

A

recumbent, unconscious, no gag, seizure
what DOES NOT bind to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of toxins that do not bind to activated charcoal?

A

ethylene glycol
alcohol
alkali
petroleum
heavy metals
xylitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the possible complications for activated charcoal as a tx for toxins?

A

aspiration pneumonia
if containing sorbitol: dehydration
ONLY USE ONCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the indications for diuresis as tx for toxins?

A

renal excretion of toxins
nephrotoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the contraindications for diuresis as tx for toxins?

A

risk of fluid overload
-anuric/oliguric
-cardiac dz
-pulmonary dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do we use diuresis as tx for toxins?

A

6+ml/kg/h IVF for 48-72h

if anuric/oliguric use furosemide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the indications for dermal decontamination as tx for toxins?

A

dermal toxins ex: permethrin, engine oil, oil on birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are considerations to think about when using dermal decontamination as tx for toxins?

A

hypothermia
sedation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do we use dermal decontamination as tx for toxins?

A

clip contaminated area
wash with vegetable oil + dish washing liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the indications for intralipids as tx for toxins?

A

lipophilic toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are examples of lipophilic toxins
local anaesthetics ivermectin permethrin naproxen baclofen marijuana mycotoxin tca, b-blocker, ca channel blocker
26
What are the adverse affects of intralipids?
lipaemia pancreatitis hypersensitivity
27
What is the antidote for opioids?
naloxone (antagonist)
28
what is the antidote for alpha 2 agonists
atipamezole (antagonist)
29
What is the antidote for benzodiazepine?
flumazenil (antagonist)
30
What is the antidote for ethylene glycol?
ethanol 4-methylpyrazole
31
What is the antidote for paracetamol/acetaminophen?
N-acetylcysteine
32
What is the antidote for NSAIDs
misoprostol
33
What is the antidote for anticoagulant rodenticide?
vitamin k
34
Which toxins can you use dialysis as a tx against?
ethylene glycol baclofen paracetamol ibuprofen ivermectin aminoglycosides ethanol mushroom
35
Where is metaldehyde found and what are the CS?
substance found in common slug/ snail pellet toxin causes neuroexcitation - increased monoamine oxidase activity - decreased gaba activity - decreased noradrenalin/serotonin neurological, heat stroke, V+ 30min-4h onset
36
Where can mycotoxins be found and what are the CS?
alfatoxin and mouldy food vomiting, tremors, hepatopathy increased liver enzyme activity
37
What is the moa and tx for mycotoxins?
moa: liver necrosis, cross bbb to cerebellum lipid soluble control tremors: methocarbamol, diazepam GI decontamination activated charcoal intralipid
38
Where are methylanthines found and what are the CS?
chocolate, coffee, theophylline antagonises adenosie receptors: CNS stim (seizure, tremor), tachycardia (SVT, VT), vasoconstriction phosphodiesterase inhib: increase intracellular Ca+: increase cardiac contractility, muscle contractions
39
What is the toxic dose of methylanthines?
20mg/kg
40
What is the tx for methylanthines?
GI decontamination activated charcoal beta-blockers urinary catheter vs absorbed by bladder
41
Where is permethrin found and what are the CS?
spot on flea for dogs toxic to cats cats lack of glucuronide stimulation bind to na+ channel: repeated stimulation: hyperexcitability, tremors
42
What is the tx for permethrin?
wash with dishwashing liquid intralipid methocarbamol, midazolam, propofol
43
What causes anticoagulant rodenticide to be toxic?
vitamin k antagonism and vitamin k is required for many coagulation factors
44
What are the CS for anticoagulant rodenticide?
hx increase PT within 48h increase APTT later haemorrhage (incl. pulmonary) if under 48h
45
What is the tx for anticoagulant rodenticide?
recent ingestion: emesis + activated charcoal test PT at 48h: if prolonged also give Vit K PO w/ fatty foods for 1-6 weeks if clincial (active bleeding): fresh frozen plasma, start vit k. if half-life of rodenticide unknown repeat PT 48h after stopping vit K
46
What are the toxic doses of paracetamol/acetaminophen?
cats: under 20mg/kg dogs: high doses 200mg/kg
47
What is the moa/CS of paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicity?
oxidative damage to RBC: methaemoglobinaemia, haemolysis, hepatocellular damage anaemia: ahemolytic, heinz body increased Tbil and ALT
48
What is the tx for paracetamol/acetaminophen?
activated charcoal n-acetylcysteine vit C (reduces methaemoglobin to haemoglobin) cimetidine
49
What are the CS of NSAID toxicity?
GIT ulcer, renal failure
50
What is the tx for NSAID toxicity?
emesis activated charcoal misoprostal (dogs) omeprazole IVF
51
What are the clinical signs for ethylene glycol toxicity?
stage 1 under 6h - git, cns, pu/pd, acidosis stage 2 12-48h - potentially transient recovery stage 3 24-72h - oliguric/anuric renal failure high mortality azotaemia, isosthemuria calcium oxalate crystaluria high anion gap metabolic acidosis hallow sign on kidneys woods lamp on urine
52
What is the tx for ethylene glycol?
inhibit it: fomepizole compete for binding: sterile ethanol or vodka IV IVF supportive care
53
What are the CS of lily toxicity in cats?
git, pu or oliguria azotaemia, isosthenuria
54
What is the tx for lily toxicity?
emesis activated charcoal IVF
55
What are the moa/ CS of Xylitol?
increase insulin levels= hypoglycaemia hepatic necrosis increase ALT, ALKP, Tbil increase PT/APTT decrease alb, chol, urea, glucose
56
What are the tx for xylitol toxicity?
glucose bolus + CRI liver protectants supportive care
57
What are the CS of marijuana toxicity?
variable lethargy ataxia vomiting urinary incontinence agitated/irritable mydriasis twitching lateral recumbency etc.
58
What are the toxins that cause seizures/tremors?
metaldehyde mycotoxin theobromine permethrin lead organophosphate recreational drugs
59
What are the toxins that cause anaemia due to coagulation issues?
rodenticide hepatotoxin
60
What are the toxins that cause anaemia due to haemolysis issues?
paracetamol (cats) onion/garlic heavy metals
61
What are the toxins that affect the renal system?
ethylene glycol NSAIDs Aminoglycosides lilies (cats) raisins/grapes (dogs)
62
What are the toxins that affect the hepatic system?
xylitol (also hypoglycaemia) cycad mushroom paracetamol
63

POS 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions