TOXICOLOGY

Question 1

the study of how toxicants cause adverse effects on living organisms.

Answer 1

toxicology

Question 2

toxicology is from greek words ____ and ____

Answer 2

toxicon and logos

Question 3

study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.

Answer 3

toxicology

Question 4

toxicology is the study of how __ cause adverse effects on living organisms

Answer 4

toxicants

Question 5

also called as poison

Answer 5

toxicants

Question 6

a chemical capable of producing a harmful reaction in a living organism

Answer 6

toxicant

Question 7

any change that interferes with an organism’s normal functioning

Answer 7

adverse effect of a toxicant

Question 8

damages or kill living organisms because they react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions

Answer 8

toxins

Question 9

the ___ makes the poison

Answer 9

dose

Question 10

example of chemical that is good in small amounts but toxic in large amounts

Answer 10

botulinum toxin

Question 11

effects of botulinum toxin in small amounts

Answer 11

prevents wrinkles

Question 12

cause of botulinum toxin in large amounts

Answer 12

paralysis or death

Question 13

amount, usually per unit body mass of a toxicant to which an organism is exposed

Answer 13

dose

Question 14

measured as milligrams of toxin per kilogram of body weight

Answer 14

dose

Question 15

measured as mg/kg

Answer 15

dose

Question 16

effect on an organism resulting from exposure to a toxicant

Answer 16

response

Question 17

particular response needed to specify in order to define dose-response relationship

Answer 17

1. death of organism
2. length of time from administration of dose
3. consider specific response for population of same kinds of organism

Question 18

dose which is expected to kill 50% of the population in particular group

Answer 18

MEDIAN LETHAL DOSE

Question 19

also known as LD50

Answer 19

Median Lethal Dose

Question 20

dose that produces a desired response in 50% of the test population when pharmacological effects

Answer 20

Median effective dose

Question 21

also known as ED50

Answer 21

median effective dose

Question 22

important concept pertinent to the dose-response relationship

Answer 22

thresholds

Question 23

high blood flow, oxidative reactions

Answer 23

liver

Question 24

high blood flow, concentrates chemicals

Answer 24

kidney

Question 25

high blood flow, site of exposure

Answer 25

lung

Question 26

oxygen dependent, irreversible damage

Answer 26

neurons

Question 27

oxygen dependent

Answer 27

myocardium

Question 28

rapid divide

Answer 28

bone marrow, intestinal mucosa

Question 29

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 29

1.Prenatal alcohol abuse

Question 30

FAS effects

Answer 30

might have problems with learning, memory, attention span, communication, vision, hearing, or a combination of these.

Question 31

Mercury poisoning effect

Answer 31

pregnant: may harm an unborn baby or young child's developing nervous system

Question 32

lead poisoning effect in children:

Answer 32

can cause irreversible brain damage. It can retard mental and physical development and reduce attention span.

Question 33

lead poisoning effect in adult:

Answer 33

can cause irritability, poor muscle coordination, and nerve damage to the sense organs and nerves controlling the body.

Question 34

byproducts of many chemical manufacturing processes involving chlorine

Answer 34

Dioxin poisoning

Question 35

dioxin poisoning facial scaring called

Answer 35

chloracne

Question 36

from bacterium Clostridium botulinum

Answer 36

botulinum toxin (botox)

Question 37

acts to block muscular nerve signals.

Answer 37

botulinum toxin

Question 38

is the first biological toxin to become licensed for treatment of human disease and it is also considered a biological weapon.

Answer 38

botulinum toxin

Question 39

In order to define a dose–response relationship, it is necessary to specify a particular response, such as:

Answer 39

1. Death of the organism, as well as 2. The conditions under which the response is obtained, such as the length of time from administration of the dose 3. Consider a specific response for a population of the same kinds of organisms

Question 40

is a fundamental and essential concept in toxicology

Answer 40

dose-response

Question 41

the higher the dose, the more ___ the response.

Answer 41

severe the response

Question 42

dose-response curve normally takes the form of a?

Answer 42

sigmoid curve

Question 43

"father" of toxicology.

Answer 43

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Question 44

All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right ____ differentiates a poison and a remedy

Answer 44

dose

Question 45

is the most poisonous substance known.

Answer 45

Botulinum toxin

Question 46

Terrorists have already attempted to use as bioweapon

Answer 46

botulinum toxin (Aerosols were dispersed at multiple sites )

Question 47

The number of newky newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time

Answer 47

Incidence rate

Question 48

Morbidity rate other term

Answer 48

Prevalence rate