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Pharmacology > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What is safety?

A

Condition of being secure from threat of danger, harm or injury

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2
Q

What is toxicity?

A

Ability of an agent to cause injury

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3
Q

What is risk?

A

Expected frequency of occurrence of an undesirable effect

HCl in sealed container—

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4
Q

What is Hazard?

A

Likelihood that injury will occur in any given situation

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5
Q

What is a spectrum of toxic dose?

A

Range of doses that might be toxic

Can be very small or very large

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6
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

Toxic versus safe

Risk versus benefit

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of potential toxins?

A 
Acid
Corrosive
Flammable
Etc
Can be minor or major or both
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8
Q

What is the standard safety margin?

A

Zone between the surely effective dose (ED99) and the lowest lethal dose (LD1)
Expressed as a percent of the ED99
SSM= ((LD1/ED99)-1) x 100

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9
Q

What are the classification of toxic reactions?

A

Effects can be
Desirable or Therapeutic
Undesirable- non deleterious (side effects) or deleterious (toxic effects)

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10
Q

What is the classification of deleterious or toxic effects?

A

Pharmacological-usually effects are reversible
Pathological- causes tissue changes (hepatic necrosis)
Genotoxic-causes long term effects in genetic components and may be transferred across generations (alkylation of DNA)
Systems toxicity

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11
Q

What is the spectrum of deleterious effects?

A

Classification of toxic reactions
Parent compound or metabolite(meperidine vs normeperidine)
Photo reactions( skin problems related to iron exposure)
Local vs systemic toxicity
Delayed toxicity
Chemical allergy (ie penicillin)

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12
Q

What are the basic components in management of acute poisoning?

A 
Evaluation of the patient (treat patient, not poison )
Termination of exposure
Prevention of absorption 
Enhanced elimination
Supportive care
Specific drug antidote therapy
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13
Q

How to decide on administering treatment to prevent absorption of toxic substance?

A

Procedures used depends on time since ingestion
Existing and predicted toxicity of the ingestant
Availability and efficacy
Contraindications of the procedure
Severity and risk of complications

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14
Q

What are the ways to prevent absorption of a toxic substance?

A 
Emesis
Gastric lavage 
Whole bowel irrigation 
Chemical adsorption-activated charcoal
Chemical inactivation 
Cathartics
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15
Q

What are the contraindications of emesis?

A

For syrup amd ipecac administration
Existing or impeding CNS depression
Ingestion of a corrosive or hydrocarbon drug-emergence of chemical pneumonia
Presence of a medical condition exacerbated by vomiting
Not recommended as a treatment

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16
Q

When to use gastric lavage?

A

In life threatening situations that are not treatable with other means
Absolute contraindications if patient is uncooperative

17
Q

What are the complication s of activated charcoal?

A 
Vomiting
Constipation
Pulmonary aspiration 
Death 
Has greater efficacy
Fewer complications than ipecac or gastric lavage
18
Q

What are the contraindications of cthartics?

A

Has been abandoned as a GI decontamination strategy

19
Q

What are the ways of enhanced elimination?

A

Urinary excretion
Multi dose activated charcoal
Altered metabolism
Dialysis or extracorporeal removal

20
Q

What are the 3 main substances that cause heavy metal toxicity?

A

Mercury
Lead
Arsenic

21
Q

What are the characteristics of mercury toxicity?

A

Toxicity effects depend upon form and route of administration
Organic mercury (methyl mercury) can penetrate biological barriers including BBB and causes neurological effects
Inorganic mercury causes gastrointestinal and renal problems
Elemental mercury are found in dental amalgams and causes problems when inhaled and not ingested
Major toxic targets are CNS and kidneys

22
Q

What are the characteristics of lead toxicity?

A

Displaces calcium and zinc in a number of important proteins
Absorption is variable
Major targets organs are CNS, liver, kidney and pancreas
Concern about excretion through breast milk causing developmental issues for children

23
Q

What are the characteristics of arsenic toxicity?

A

Most source of exposure is through food and water
Toxicity increases from organic arsenicals to arsine gas
Can cross BBB and placental barrier
Major targets organs are CNS, kidney

24
Q

What are the treatment of heavy metal toxicity with chelation agents?

A

Dimercaprol- acute poisoning by arsenic and inorganic mercury and severe lead
Succimer-analog of dimercaprol
EDTA
Penicillamine- treatment of copper poisoning (Wilson’s disease)
Deferoxamine- treatment of iron poisoning

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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