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MIDTERM 2 > toxicology UMN Midterm 2 > Flashcards

toxicology UMN Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does mercury enter the food chain

A

bacteria converts it to organic mercury which bioaccumulates in the aquatic food chain

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2
Q

When the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency examined air pollution related health issues by the characteristics of Twin Cities zip codes, they found that health issues…

A

were more common in areas with higher proportions of BIPOC residents

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3
Q

T/F: measures to improve air quality have been detrimental to the US economy

A

FALSE

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4
Q

atrazine

A

chlorinated herbicide that is used to selectively control annual grasses and weeds before they emerge

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5
Q

who is the primary consumer of atrazine and what does it do for that country

A

The US - it boosts the largest economy in the world (for corn)

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6
Q

atrazine is the most common contaminant of what

A

ground, surface, drinking water

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7
Q

atrazine can be associated with tumors in what

A

rodents

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8
Q

pest

A

organisms that occur where they are not wanted or that cause damage to crops/humans/animals

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9
Q

pesticide

A

any substance intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating pests

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10
Q

where are pesticides applied

A

herbicides, fungicides, various substances to control pests

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11
Q

environmental toxicology

A

study of effects of environmental contaminants on organisms or ecosystems of concern

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12
Q

are all chemicals bad (if not list some that are good)

A

no. hydrogen and oxygen are vital for water and air

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13
Q

precautionary principle

A

when an activity raises threat to human heath, precautionary measures should be taken EVEN IF THERE IS A CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP THAT ISNT FULLY ESTABLISHED

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14
Q

biomagnification vs bioaccumulation

A

biomag - increase in pollutant concentration through the food chain (bottom of food chain to top)
bioacc - increase in pollutant concentration in one organism over a lifetime (left of food chain to right)

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15
Q

types of toxicants

A

carcinogens
mutagens
teratogens
neurotoxins
endocrine disruptors
allergens

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16
Q

what is carcinogens

A

substance that causes cancer

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17
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division

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18
Q

toxic definition

A

containing or being poisonous material especially when capable of causing death or serious debilitation of an organism

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19
Q

mutagens (and examples)

A

substance that causes change in genetic code. UV light, radiation, PAHs

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20
Q

Can a toxin fit into more than 1 class

A

Yes, some carcinogens can be mutagens and vise versa

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21
Q

over ___% of human cancers carry loss of function mutations

A

50

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22
Q

teratogen (and examples)

A

a substance that causes developmental deformities (alcohol, lead, warfarin, PAHs

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23
Q

what are PAHs

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: chemicals that occur naturally in oil, coal and gas

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24
Q

concept of critical window in teratogens

A

a period during development when an organisms phenotype is responsive to factors.Highly sensitive during the Embryonic Period

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25
Q

endocrine disruptor (and examples)

A

a chemical that affects endocrine signaling by mimicking hormones, interfering with hormone receptors or by changing the amount of hormone secreted (PCBs, pharmaceuticals, DDT, BPA)

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26
Q

what is DDT

A

synthetic organic compound used as in insecticide to persist in the environment and become concentrated in animals at the head of the food chain

27
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

series of glands that secrete hormones that regulate many aspects of bodily function

28
Q

Allergens (and examples)

A

Something that causes an allergic reaction affecting people different (Dander, pollen, sulphites)

29
Q

case study: steps for assessing concern (5 steps)

A
  1. is the source reliable
  2. check references provided by the source
  3. what is/are the specific substances of concern and why
  4. check additional reputable sources (such as EPA, MPCA, non-profits, scientific lit)
  5. After checking what patterns do you find
30
Q

Air Pollution

A
  • Outdoor air pollution: particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and lead
  • Indoor air pollution
  • Ozone layer
  • Acid deposition
31
Q

Clean air act of 1963

A
  • addressed 6 critical air pollutants (particulate matter, ground level ozone, CO, SO, NO, lead), vehicle air pollution, acid rain, protecting strato ozone, regulating greenhouse gases
32
Q

Acid deposition and Cap and Trade

A
  • established Cap and Trade system for SO
  • set limit for SO that could be emitted by power plants
  • electric plants issued permits for allowance of emissions
33
Q

Stratospheric ozone and air pollution

A
  • CFC’s components of Freon
  • used in aerosol cans
  • very stable but in high UV become reactive in ozone
  • hole in ozone layer formed
34
Q

what did the montral protocol do

A

reduced CFC production by 95%

35
Q

stratospheric ozone remained ___ and ozone hole slowly ____

A

stable, closed

36
Q

every __ spent to reduce emissions from ____ results in ___ of benefits to _____

A
  • $1 from mobile sources under the clean air act
  • $9 to public health, the environment, productivity and consumer savings
37
Q

air pollution is still the leading cause of what

A

death worldwide and in the US

38
Q

acute vs chronic effect of containment

A

acute: one that occurs rapidly after exposure to a large amount of that substance
chronic: difficult to measure (alcohol, cigs, radiaiton exposure)

39
Q

lethal doses

A

determined for substances from info gathering from records of homicides, poisonings and animal testing

40
Q

lethal doe 50%

A

dose lethal to 50% animal testing

41
Q

what are environmental contaminants

A
  • contamination of items with harmful substances can affect anyone
  • found in environment with higher amounts than natural
  • exposed by residential, commercial, and industrial sources
42
Q

common containments

A

arsenic, mercury, Bisphenol A, phthalates, lead, formaldehyde, radiation, radon

43
Q

arsenic

A

naturally occuring element present through water, soil, air, dust, food (big problem in drinking water).
- can bind to soil and remain for years

44
Q

bisphenol A

A

chemical synthesized in large quantitties for production of plastics and resins
- many applications
- source of exposure is diet

45
Q

phthalates

A

chem used to soften and increase flexibility of plastic and vinyl
- used in hundreds of consumer products
exposure comes from water/food with plastic

46
Q

lead

A

metal that occurs naturally in rocks/soil or burning in fossil fuels, has no taste/smell and us used in batteries, medical devices ect
- can harmfully affect every organ in your body and you can get lead poisoning

47
Q

formaldehyde

A

colorless, flammable gas/liquid that has a pungent odor
- naturally produced in the body and is exposed by containing or breathing it

48
Q

radiation

A

energy given off by atoms and is all around us
- exposed by soil, rocks and the sun

49
Q

acid rain

A

when higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acid occurs in the atmosphere, the result is precipitation with pH lower than 5.6

50
Q

what does acid rain result from

A
  • natural sources like volcanoes and decaying vegatation
  • man-made sources like emissions from SO or NO from fossil fuel combustion
51
Q

impacts of acid rain

A
  • leaching of soil nutrients that harm plants and soil
  • release of substances toxic to trees and other plants
  • corrosion of metals, paint, stone, cultural objects
  • not being able to see
52
Q

UV types (A B and C)

A

A: least energetic and harmful but can cause damage to living cells
B: most harmful form of radiation that reaches the surface
C: most harmful/energetic but does not make it to earths surface

53
Q

primary and secondary air pollutants

A

primary: those released directly from the source into the air
secondary: produced through reactions between primary and normal compounds

54
Q

PM (particulate material)

A

solid particles and liquid droplets made up of a variety of components that are suspended in the air.
- size is linked to potential for causing health problems

55
Q

smog

A

mixture of air pollutants that form over urban areas as a result of fossil fuel combustion

56
Q

two types of smog

A

industrial: produced by burning fossil fuels which produces co, carbon monoxides, sulfur and mercury
photochemical smog: formed when sunlight drives chem reactions

57
Q

POPs - persistent organic pollutants

A

group of organic chemicals widely used as pesticides or chemicals that pose risk to human health and the ecosystem

58
Q

3 ways they are produced and released by human activity

A

persistent: chems that last a long time in the environment. some may resist breakdown for years
bioaccumulative: can accumulate in animals and humans in fatty tissues and food they consume
toxic: can cause a wide range of effects in humans, wildlife and fishb

59
Q

grasshopper effect

A

POPs make their way into the environment (wind, land, water, evaporation) on a daily basis through cycle of long-range air transport that

60
Q

In the US, a primary solution to environmental mercury contamination is

A

reduction in coal burning for power generation

61
Q

following the precautionary principle, should substances similar to BPA be approved

A

it should not be approved until safety has been well studied

62
Q

where is atrazine found

A

found in runoff water from fields, ground water, rivers and well water

63
Q

what does atrazine interfere with

A

electron transport in photosynthesis

MIDTERM 2 (6 decks)

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