Trace Minerals

Question 1

Food sources of iron

Answer 1

Heme iron = animal foods: beef, pork, poultry, and seafood
Nonheme = plant and animal foods: dried fruit, vegetables, and whole-grain products

Question 2

Factors that affect absorption of iron

Answer 2

1. Bodies physiological needs
2. Diet composition in form of dietary iron intake
3. Plant-based nonheme iron can be hindered by other compounds found in plants ( oxalates, phytates, tannins, fiber, and calcium)

Question 3

Major functions of iron

Answer 3

Helps form compounds essential to oxygen use - hemoglobin

Question 4

Deficiency disease of iron

Answer 4

Iron deficiency anemia 

Question 5

Iron deficiency symptoms

Answer 5

Red blood cells that are microcytic and hypochromic

Question 6

Individual at risk for iron deficiency

Answer 6

Premature infants, young growing children, teenage girls and women of childbearing age 

Question 7

Potential toxicities of iron

Answer 7

In adults = hemochromatosis
Leading cause of poisoning in children under six years of age 

Question 8

Food, sources of zinc

Answer 8

Meat, milk, and seafood

Question 9

Factors that affect absorption of zinc

Answer 9

Diet composition and bodies need

Increase absorption= amino acids, low to moderate zinc and take

Decrease absorption = phytates and fiber in whole grains, excessive, zinc intake

Question 10

Major functions of zinc

Answer 10

Immune function, wound healing, growth and development

Question 11

Individuals at risk for zinc deficiency

Answer 11

Vegans and vegetarians

Question 12

Toxicity symptoms of zinc

Answer 12

Loss of appetite, diarrhea, and impaired immune function

Question 13

Food sources of copper

Answer 13

Oysters, liver, and shellfish

Question 14

Factors that affect absorption of copper

Answer 14

Increase absorption = dietary copper is low and meat absorption
Decrease absorption = excess intakes of copper, iron, zinc, and phytate intakes are high

Question 15

Major functions of copper 

Answer 15

Ceruloplasmin oxidizes ferrous to ferric and aids in iron metabolism

Question 16

Individuals at risk of copper deficiency

Answer 16

Premature infants

Question 17

Potential toxicities of copper

Answer 17

Wilson disease and cirrhosis and neurological damage

Question 18

Food sources of magnesium

Answer 18

Whole-grain, cereals, nuts, and tea

Question 19

Factors that affect absorption of magnesium

Answer 19

Increase absorption = iron deficiency
Decrease absorption = phytates, oxalates, fiber, nonheme iron, and copper

Question 20

Food sources of fluoride

Answer 20

Fluoridated water, tea, seaweed, and fluoridated toothpaste

Question 21

Major functions of fluoride

Answer 21

Supports deposition of calcium and phosphorus in teeth and bones
Protects against Dental caries

Question 22

Potential toxicities of fluoride

Answer 22

Chronic intake of excessive fluoride results in mottling and fluorosis
Seen in young children swallowing fluoride tablets ( acute toxicity is life-threatening)

Question 23

Food sources of iodine

Answer 23

Saltwater seafood, seaweed, iodized salt

Question 24

Factors that affect bioavailability of iodine

Answer 24

Decrease bioavailability = goitrogens

Question 25

Major functions of iodine

Answer 25

Component of thyroid, hormones that regulate growth and metabolism

Question 26

Deficiency disease of iodine

Answer 26

Endemic Goiter and Endemic Cretinism

Question 27

Potential toxicities of iodine

Answer 27

Hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease

Question 28

Food sources of selenium

Answer 28

Varies in relation to soil content Seafood, meats, and cereals

Question 29

Absorption of selenium

Answer 29

Absorption is not affected by bodies stores/ needs 

Question 30

Major functions of selenium

Answer 30

Antioxidant function and helps convert T4 to T3

Question 31

Deficiency diseases of selenium

Answer 31

Keshan disease

Question 32

Food sources of chromium

Answer 32

Broccoli, egg yolks, and beer

Question 33

Major functions of chromium

Answer 33

Metabolism of blood glucose and enhances insulin action

Question 34

Moderate alcohol intake vs. Binge drinking.

Answer 34

Moderate alcohol intake = 1 standard size drink per day for a woman and 2 standard size drinks per day for a men Binge drinking = 4 or more drinks for women and 5 or more drinks for men

Question 35

Alcohol absorption

Answer 35

No digestion, and is absorbed rapidly ( if ingested with high fat foods absorption is slowed )

Question 36

Alcohol metabolism

Answer 36

Metabolism takes top priority over other fuel sources such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway (ADH)

Question 37

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Answer 37

Can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

Question 38

Effects of alcohol abuse on nutritional status

Answer 38

Lead to poor nutritional status and development of nutrient deficiencies