Trace Minerals Flashcards
Identify the trace minerals
iron zinc selenium copper manganese fluoride chromium molybdenum
_________ requires iron for activation
Hydroxylase
________ ______ requires selenium for activation
Glutathione peroxidase
_____ is a nutrient of great concern in terms of global and national health.
iron
In poor or developing countries of the world, as many as __% to __% of young children and pregnant women have compromised health due to iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia.
30%-50%
Even in the United States where food is plentiful, ___ deficiency is a health concern for toddlers, adolescent girls, and women in their childbearing years, especially those of low socioeconomic status.
iron
Iron has two common ionic states, ________ and ________.
- Fe++ (ferrous iron, reduced)
2. Fe+++ (ferric iron, oxidized)
Iron is involved in many _________ _______ _______, including the electron transport chain in the final production of ATP in the mitochondria.
oxidation- reduction reactions
Since iron has an affinity for oxygen (O2), iron-rich __________ picks up O2 in the lungs and transports it via red blood cells to all parts of the body.
hemoglobin
________ in muscle is another Fe-containing protein that binds O2
myoglobin
iron is important in brain and nervous tissue function since it is a _______ necessary for the catalytic activity of enzymes responsible for the synthesis of several neurotransmitters.
cofactor
Iron embedded in a _____ structure (from hemoglobin and myoglobin) is found only in foods of animal origin and has _____ bioavailability.
- heme
2. high
________ iron (as Fe++ or Fe+++) is found both in foods of animal origin and in foods of plant origin and has a lower bioavailability.
nonheme
Heme iron has higher bioavailability with ___% being absorbed. However, for a vegetarian who eats no animal foods, only about __% of iron is absorbed. Overall in the mixed American diet, about ___% of iron is absorbed.
- 25%
- 10%
- 18%
The iron recommendation for vegetarians is ___ times the RDA to compensate for the significantly lower bioavailability of nonheme iron as the only source of dietary iron.
1.8
___% of iron is absorbed during the high growth years of childhood.
35%
An ____ peptide factor found in meat, fish, and poultry enhances nonheme iron absorption.
MFP
_________ in a meal enhances nonheme iron absorption by keeping the form of iron in the reduced state.
vitamin C
Plant foods high in _______ and ______ such as in legumes, whole grains, and rice can reduce nonheme iron absorption in a meal by ________ it causing increased excretion in the stool rather than absorption into the body
- phytates and fibers
2. binding
Iron is always bound to specific proteins in tissues and fluids of the body. ____ _______ proteins play critical roles in iron homeostasis.
iron binding
Inside the lumen of the small intestine, iron from food is found in the forms of _____ or _____ iron.
heme or nonheme
After iron is transported into the small intestinal cell, either as heme or nonheme iron, it is sequestered by a protein call ______.
ferritin
_______ has the capacity to temporarily store thousands of iron atoms. It is also the storage protein for iron in the liver.
ferritin
If the body is in need of iron, then _____ in intestinal cells releases iron, which then attaches to _______.
- ferritin
2. ferroportin
