Trace & Ultratrace Minerals

Question 1

What amount is required of an ultratrace mineral?

Answer 1

Less than 1 mg/day

Question 2

Which form of iron is absorbed more?

Answer 2

Heme

Question 3

What are the sources of heme iron?

Answer 3

Beef and fish (beef has more)

Question 4

How is heme iron absorbed?

Answer 4

Facilitated diffusion

Question 5

What is the carrier protein involved in facilitated diffusion of heme iron?

Answer 5

Hcp1

Question 6

What are the sources of nonheme iron?

Answer 6

Plants and supplements

Question 7

How is nonheme iron digested?

Answer 7

Ferrireductase (must be digested first to be absorbed)

Question 8

Ferrireductase requires what vitamin to digest nonheme iron?

Answer 8

Vitamin C

Question 9

How is nonheme iron absorbed?

Answer 9

Facilitated diffusion

Question 10

What carrier protein is used for the facilitated diffusion to absorb nonheme iron?

Answer 10

DMT (2+ iron)

Question 11

What carrier is used to transport iron out of the enterocyte?

Answer 11

Ferroportin

Question 12

Ferroportin uses what other mineral?

Answer 12

Copper

Question 13

What protein is used to transport iron in the blood?

Answer 13

Transferrin

Question 14

What is the storage protein for iron?

Answer 14

Ferritin

Question 15

Where is ferritin made?

Answer 15

Enterocyte

Question 16

Where is ferritin found for iron storage?

Answer 16

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 17

What is the most common deficiency of the U.S.?

Answer 17

Iron

Question 18

What populations are at risk for iron deficiency?

Answer 18

6 month-2 years old
10-19 boys
Male runners
Women 10-44
All female athletes

Question 19

Hypochromic microcytic anemia is associated with what mineral deficiency?

Answer 19

Iron

Question 20

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?

Answer 20

Fatigue
Pallor
Decreased immunity

Question 21

What are the major functions of iron?

Answer 21

Oxygen transport

Cofactor for several enzymes (cytochromes)

Question 22

What genetic condition involves iron toxicity?

Answer 22

Hemochromatosis

Question 23

What is the result of hemochromatosis?

Answer 23

Organ damage (liver and brain)

Question 24

What is the best source for zinc?

Answer 24

Oysters

Question 25

What is the major function of zinc?

Answer 25

Cofactor for folate digestion (conjugate digestion)

Question 26

Iron supplement can cause depletion of what other mineral?

Answer 26

Zinc

Question 27

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

Answer 27

Dermatitis | Decreased taste sensation

Question 28

What is a symptom of zinc toxicity?

Answer 28

Metallic taste

Question 29

What are the main functions of copper?

Answer 29

ATP Collagen crosslinking Get iron out of the enterocyte

Question 30

What is the genetic condition resulting in copper deficiency?

Answer 30

Menke's syndrome

Question 31

What is a symptom of copper deficiency?

Answer 31

Skin depigmentation

Question 32

Kayser-fleischer rings are associated with what disease and what mineral toxicity?

Answer 32

Wilson's disease and copper toxicity

Question 33

Is copper a trace or ultratrace mineral?

Answer 33

Ultratrace (requires 900 micrograms per day)

Question 34

What is the major function of chromium?

Answer 34

Insulin secretion

Question 35

What is a symptom of chromium deficiency?

Answer 35

Insulin resistance

Question 36

What is the major function of iodide?

Answer 36

Part of T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)

Question 37

What is the symptom of iodide deficiency?

Answer 37

Goiter

Question 38

What are the symptoms and result of iodide deficiency?

Answer 38

Burning mouth and hypothyroidism

Question 39

What are the major functions of molybdenum?

Answer 39

Cofactor for sulfur metabolism | Uric acid synthesis

Question 40

Toxicity of what mineral can cause gout?

Answer 40

Molybdenum

Question 41

If someone is on molybdenum supplements, what can you expect?

Answer 41

Assume he/she has Wilson's disease

Question 42

What is the required amount for a trace mineral?

Answer 42

1-100 mg/day

Question 43

What is the best source for manganese?

Answer 43

Plants

Question 44

What is the function of manganese?

Answer 44

Superoxide dismutase in the mitochondria

Question 45

Copper and zinc are important for superoxide dismutase in what location?

Answer 45

Cytosol

Question 46

Catalase requires what mineral?

Answer 46

Iron

Question 47

What symptom is associated with manganese toxicity?

Answer 47

Tremors

Question 48

What is the term for selenium toxicity leading to brittle nails?

Answer 48

Selenosis

Question 49

What is the best source for selenium?

Answer 49

Brazil nuts

Question 50

What are the functions of selenium?

Answer 50

Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase | T4 to T3

Question 51

What condition is heart disease in kids caused by a selenium deficiency?

Answer 51

Keshan's

Question 52

What condition of selenium deficiency leads to osteoarthritis?

Answer 52

Kashin-Beck

Question 53

What environmental factor do selenium amounts depend on?

Answer 53

Soil content

Question 54

In what country do we see a lot of selenium deficiency?

Answer 54

China

Question 55

What are the sources of fluoride?

Answer 55

Toothpaste and fluorinated water

Question 56

What is the function of fluoride?

Answer 56

Decrease cavity prevalence

Question 57

What are the results of fluoride deficiency?

Answer 57

Cavities and osteoporosis

Question 58

What are the symptoms of fluoride toxicity?

Answer 58

``` Bone pitting Teeth mottling (yellow/brown discoloration) ```

Question 59

What mineral do women require more than men?

Answer 59

Iron