Traditional Structures For Arguments Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is deductive reasoning
Reaching a conclusion by assuming a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case
Shellfish make me sick, lobsters are shellfish, lobster will make me sick
What is inductive reasoning
The process of generalizing on the basis of a number of experiences
Shrimp lobster and crab give me hives—– shellfish make me Sick
What is exordium
The speaker tries to win the attention and goodwill of the audience while introducing subject
What is narratio
The speaker presents facts of the case, explaining what happened when, who, what, where, why
PUt argument into context
What is partitio
Speaker divided up the subject, explains what the claim is, what the key issues are, and in what order to treat the subject
What is confirmatio
Speaker offers detailed support for the claim using both logical reasoning and factual evidence
What is refutatio
Speaker acknowledges and then refutes opposing claims or evidence
What is peroratio
Speaker summarizes the cases and moves the audience to action
What are the six steps to classical oration
Intro Background Lines of argument Alternative arguments Conclusion
What are the 4 steps to a rogerian argument
Intro
Context
Writers position
Benefits to opponent
Classical orientation does what
Focuses on conflict between two positions
Rogerian arguments show
Willingness to think about opposing positions and describe them fairly
(Work together)
What are claims
Debatable and controversial statements or assertions that you hope to prove
What are the 4 types of evidence
Personal experience
Anecdote
Facts
Authorities
What is the relationship between evidence and warrants and claims
Warrants is a logical and persuasive connection b/w a claim and the reason and data supporting it
Warrants tells readers what your (often unstated) assumptions are
What is backing
Evidence you offer to support a warrant
Why is backing an important step in making an argument
It fills the skeleton of the argument
Supports your argument
What are qualifiers
Words and phrase that place limits on claims, such as usually, sometimes, and in many cases ( play essential role in arguments)
Transitions warrant to claim smoothly
What are conditions of rebuttal
Potential objections to ad argument
Benefits of considering conditions on rebuttal
Gain credibility and authority by anticipating a reasonable objection
More open to change
Steps of Toulmin
Claim Qualifier Good reason Warrant Backing Evidence Authority Conditions of rebuttal Response
