Trait Theories Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What are the Trait Theories?
A
“All Cats Enjoy MCdonald HappyMeals”
- Allport: Psychology of the Individual
- Catell: 16 Personality Factors
- Eysenck: Biologically Based Factor Theory (Biological/Evolutionary)
- Mcrae & Costa: 5 Factor Theory
- Henry Murray: Psychogenic Needs
2
Q
Ways to predict/describe behavior; NOT a theory of development
A
Trait Theory
3
Q
Allport’s definition of personality
A
The DYNAMIC ORGANIZATION within the individual of those PSYCHOPHYSICAL SYSTEMS that DETERMINE his CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOR & THOUGHTS
4
Q
Appoach that defines trait by studying individuals in depth and focuses on the distinctions of their personalities
A
Idiographic Approach (I=individual)
5
Q
Studies group of people in attempt to identify traits that appear in clusters
A
Nomothetic Approach
6
Q
Gordon Allport emphasized…
A
the uniqueness of an individual
7
Q
Allport’s term for “ego” or “self”
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Proprium
8
Q
Allport’s term used to describe a person’s sense of self that is unique, consistent, and central to self
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Proprium
9
Q
3 Characteristics of a Healthy Person according to Allport
A
- Proactive
- Motivated by conscious process
- Relatively trauma-free childhood
10
Q
Freud = Instincts
Eysenck = biologically determined factors
Allport = ?
A
Personal Dispositions (Building blocks of personality)
11
Q
3 Levels of Personal Dispositions
A
- Cardinal
- Central
- Secondary
12
Q
Few people have this personl disposition (around 5-10)
A
Central Dispositions
13
Q
Intensely experienced Dispositions
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Motivational Dispositions
14
Q
____guides action ; ____ initiates action
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stylistic Dispositions; motivational dispositions
15
Q
2 Motives according to Allport
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- Peripheral Motive
- Propriate Strivings
16
Q
___reduce a need; ___ maintain tension and disequillibrium
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Peripheral motives; propriate strivings
17
Q
Allport’s most controversial postulate; Represent a theory of changing rather than unchanging; past motives change within time
A
Functional Autonomy (Theory of Unchanging Motives)
18
Q
2 Levels of Functional Autonomy
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- Perservative Functional Autonomy
- Propriate Functional Autonomy
19
Q
Elementary among Allport’s 2 levels of Functional Autonomy; Cocnerned with the habitual, repetitive behaviors such as addiction
A
Perseverative Functional Autonomy
20
Q
Allport’s MASTER SYSTEM of motivation that confers unity on personality; self-sustaining motives that are related to the proprium
A
Propriate Functional Autonomy
21
Q
Decrease prejudice by interacting with them
A
Contact Hypothesis
22
Q
3 Different Soruces of Data/Media to examine people according to Catell
A
- Person’s LIFE Record observed by other people (L Data)
- Self reports (Q Data)
- Questionnaires and other TESTS and TECHNIQUES (T Data)
23
Q
Proponet of the 16 Personality Factors
A
Raymond Cattell
24
Q
16 PF
A
- Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical
- Apprehension: Worried versus confident
- Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
- Emotional stability: Calm versus high-strung
- Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
- Openness to change: Flexible versus attached to the familiar
- Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined
- Privateness: Discreet versus open
- Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
- Rule-consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming
- Self-reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent
- Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded
- Social boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
- Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
- Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
- Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved
25
Hans Eysenck's Theory
Biologically Based Factor Theory
26
Since Eysenck based his taxonomy in both factor analysis and biology, he derived only 3 (Three Personality Dimensions):
P - Psyhotism / Superego
E - Extroversion / Introversion
N - Neorotism / Stability
27
Eysenck's 4 Level Hierarchy of Behavior Organization
1. Type
2. Trait
3. Habits
4. Specific Acts or Cognitions
28
Eysenck's 4 Level Hierarchy of Behavior Organization
1. Type
2. Trait
3. Habits
4. Specific Acts or Cognitions
29
Eysenck doesn't accept ___ & ___ because they don't have any biological explanations
AGREEABLENESS
CONSCIOUSNESS
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For Eysenck, the difference between INTROVERTS and EXTRAVERTS is
Cortical Arousal Level ; Extraverts have lower CAL so they need more stimulation (higher sensory thresholds)
31
For NEUROTICISM, Eysenck accepted the ____
Diathesis-stress Model = people are genetically vulnerable to illnesses
32
Eysenck established this personality dimension last; high of this leads to vulnerability to psychotic d/os
Psychoticism / Superego
33
Eysenck used ___ to extract 3 bipolar factors
Hypothetico-deductive Approach
34
3 Main Dimensions of Personality according to Eysenck:
1. Temperament
2. Behavioral Genetics
3. Brain Research
35
For Eysenck, personality is accounted by___
Heredity = 3/4
Environment = 1/4
36
He was a research assistant of Charles Spearman
Raymond Cattell
37
Cattell was able to apply new statistical technique by... (Birth of 16PF)
Developing questionnaires and tests consisting of personality characteristics, and analyzing data from report cards of students, evaluations from employees, etc.
38
Cattell described the 16 PF in a ____ ; everybody has some degree of every trait
Continuum
39
Cattell, this data is gathered from one's life records
L-Data
40
Cattell, this data is gathered from questionnaires and interviews
Q-Data
41
Cattell, this data is gathered from obejctive tests
T-Data
42
Cattell: Obvious traits
Surface Traits
43
Cattell derived a list of 16 primary or ____ (higher order or "deep" traits)
Source Traits
44
Eysenck disagreed to Allport and Cattell and believed that...
There are only 2 major dimensios of personality:
1. Intraversion - Extraversion
2. Neuroticism - Stability
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4 Humors of Personality
1. Phlegmatic
2. Melancholic
3. Sanguine
4. Choleric
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Humor: Steady, quiet, thinkers
Phlegmatic
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Humor: Perfectionist, eye for detail, heavyhearted
Melancholic
48
Humor: Spontaneous, impulsive, fun, jovial, people person
Sanguine
49
Humor: Strong-willed, driven, productive, leaders
Choleric
50
Introverted Humors
Stable: Phlegmatic
Unstable: Melancholic
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Extroverted Humors
Stable: Sanguine
Unstable: Choleric
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Method od rotating the axes in factor analysis that assumes the independence of primary factors
Orthogonal Rotation
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Method od rotating the axes in factor analysis that assumes some intercorrelations among primary factors
Oblique Method
54
3 Classications of Traits
1. Stability and Permanence Traits
2. Common and Unique Traits
3. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits
55
2 Types of Dynamic Traits accordin to Cattell
1. Ergs (Greek for Energy (ERGON))
2. Meta-ergs (Sentiments)
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Kind of Dynamic Trait thatsi the basic unit of motivation, innate, and has 11
Ergs
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Kind of Dynamic Trait that is learned but can also be unlearned and disappear
Meta-ergs
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The relationship among ergs, sentiments, and attitudes
Dynamic Lattice
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What are the Big 5 Personality Traits
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
60
Limitations of the Five Factor Theory
1. There may be more than 5 traits (e.g Faithfulness, humility, sexiness)
2. Does not capture the underlying personality processes / Does not address development (not explaning the "why" behind specific behaviors)
3. Poor prediction of future behavior
4. No means of change
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McCrae and Costa's term for the universal raw material of personality
Basic tendencies
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In the Big 5 Personality Traits, low levels of this means you can be impulsive
Conscientiousness
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In the Big 5 Personality Traits, low levels of this mean you can be quiet or less engaged in the social world
Extraversion
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In the Big 5 Personality Traits, low levels of this may mean that you can be mistrustful and have difficulty getting along with others
Agreeableness
65
In the Big 5 Personality Traits, older adults are lower on____ and higher on___
N,E,O ; C, A
66
Cattell used ___ method ; Eysenck used ___ method
Inductive ; Deductive
67
For Eysenck, personality is more___
Stable an enduring
68
State of the cortex during periods of perceptual of cognitive ability
Cortical Arousal
69
Henry Murray's
Psychogenic Needs
70
Henry Murray developed the
Thematic Apperception Test
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Murray took theories from ___ to conceive 2x2 mateix of super traits and believed traits were ___
Hippocrates, Jung, et. al ; Genetically-based
72
Murray was focused on basic needs of personality which he called ___ and were largely
Psychogenic Needs ; unconscious
73
Murray contended that ___ are significant in the exhibition of psychogenic needs. He called the forces ___
Environmental forces ; press
74
For Murray, th real environmental forces are ___ while those merely perceived are ___
Alpha press ; beta press
75
Murray narrowed the needs to ___ and focused on 3 which are ___
27 ; Power, Affiliation, and Achievement
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Murray, desire or need to impact other people, to control, or be in a position of influence
Need for Power (nPow)
77
More likely to rate an employee higher if that employee flatter the subj w low or moderate rate
High nPow
78
Murray, spend more time interacting and most like in a social group
High nAff
79
Those with ___ are also more likely to get lonely
High nAff
80
More focused on internal motivation
nAch
81
For Murray, it is a high complex system of needs we're motivated by
PERSONOLOGY
82
Types of needs for Murray
Primary and secondary
83
The five complexes complex of Murray
1. Claustral
2. Oral
3. Anal
4. Urethral
5. Genetal/Castration
84
Desire to be in small, warm, dark places that are safe and secluded
85
Feelings of insecurity and helplessness that cause fear of open spaces etc involving novelty and change
Fear of Insupport Complex
86
Need to escape womblike conditions ; claustrophobia
Anti-claustral or Eggression complex
87
Catell's 6 Stages of Personality Development
1. Infancy
2. Childhood
3. Adolescence
4. Maturity
5. Late Maturity
6. Old age
88
Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee created
6 FACTOR model: HEXACO
89
HEXACO
1. Honesty/humility
2. Emotionality
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Conscientiousness
6. Openness to Experience
90
Delroy Paulhouse & Kevin Williams proposed
The Dark Triad of Personality
91
Dark triad
1. Narcissism
2. Machiavellianism
3. Psychopathy
92
Self rating test for dark triad
Dirty Dozen Scale
