TRANS 49 - 51 Congenital salvador

Question 1

What is the common wall between the trachea and the

esophagus?

Answer 1

Trachealis muscle

Question 2

Nasal placodes become the nasal pits at ___________ AOG that further deepens forming nasal cavities

Answer 2

30 days

Question 3

forms from the fused nasofrontal process and medial nasal prominence

Answer 3

nasal septun

Question 4

Turbinates form as swellings of the lateral nasal wall starting at about

Answer 4

38 days AOG

Question 5

Primitive choana is posterior to the primary palate and is patent at

Answer 5

7 weeks

Question 6

Nasolacrimal groove separated the lateral nasal prominence from the maxillary prominence at?

Answer 6

10 weeks

Question 7

The floor of the nasolacrimal grove thickens to form the

Answer 7

Nasolacrimal duct

Question 8

The vomer and perforated portions of the cribriform ossify by

Answer 8

3 years

Question 9

Adenoids peak in size between______ years and start to regress by __________

Answer 9

3-5 years; 8 years

Question 10

Nasal cavity grows rapidly in the first

Answer 10

6 years of life

Question 11

External nasal dimensions are greatly mature by ______ in females and _______ in males

Answer 11

13; 15 years

Question 12

Most common site of epistaxis is the

Answer 12

Kiesselbach’s plexus

Question 13

cyanosis at rest and resolution with crying and agitation (when the child is in open mouth position), is typical of infants with bilateral choanal atresia

Answer 13

Cyclical stenosis

Question 14

Crucial function of the sinuses

Answer 14

production of mucus;

Question 15

• Related to overgrowth of nasal process of the maxilla causing
obstruction of the pyriform appertures

Kahit may dalawang butas yung ilong, kakaiba yung
mukha niya, then one central incisor, kapag
inendoscopy mo yan or anterior rhinoscopy, wala kang
makikitang butas sa loob kasi your pyriform aperture,
kasi diba yung sa skull, triangular, that is your pyriform.
Kasi yung cartilages mo sa front nose minsan
nagdedevelop pero yung pinaka-bone, the pyriform
apperture, closed pala or walang butas.

Answer 15

CONGENITAL PYRIFORM APERTURE STENOSIS

Question 16

• Results from the failure of the caudal nasolacrimal duct to
canalize
• 90% are unilateral
• F:M =2:1

Answer 16

NLD OBSTRUCTION/CYSTS

Question 17

• Includes dura, organized neural elements, and communication with the subarachnoid space
• Sincipital encephaloceles present as a mass at the nasal dorsum (nasoethmoid), orbits (naso-orbital) or glabella (nasofrontal)
• Basal encephaloceles usually present as intranasal masses

Answer 17

ENCEPHALOCELE

Question 18

• Derived from glial cells
• Intranasal or extranasal, based upon the relationship with the nasal skeleton
• Approximately 15% of gliomas have a fibrous stalk continuous with the dura

Answer 18

GLIOMAS

Question 19

• Composed of ectodermal and mesodermal elements
• Often associated with a pit in the midline nasal dorsum
• May have communication with floor of anterior cranial fossa through the foramen caecum

Answer 19

NASAL DERMOIDS

Question 20

• The functional abnormality results from the defective dynein arms
• Maybe familial
• Kartagener Syndrome
o Sinusitis
o Situs inversus
o Bronchiectasis
o Maybe associated with infertility

Answer 20

IMMOTILE CILIA SYNDROME (PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA)

Question 21

separates the anterior and posterior ethmoid cells

Answer 21

The basal lamella of the middle turbinate

Question 22

Sphenoid sinuses start to pneumatize at about

Answer 22

2 years of age

Question 23

All structures of the oral cavity grow postnatally. True or false?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

• Condition of the tongue in which there is restriction or limitation of the movements or range of motion of the tongue
• May interfere with feeding or speech

Answer 24

ANKYLOGLOSSIA

Question 25

Complete vs incomplete cleft palate

Answer 25

A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. (The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle.)  Pag umabot siya sa nose, it said to be complete. Incomplete if hindi umabot sa nose.

Question 26

* Obstruction of the sublingual gland | * Usually seen as unilateral cystic lesion in the floor of the mouth

Answer 26

RANULA

Question 27

physical exam to check sublingual and submandibular gland. You’ll palpating the floor of the mouth and submandibular triangle.

Answer 27

bimanual palpatioin

Question 28

Results from abnormal descent of the thyroglossal tract into the neck  Sometimes there’s a tongue base mass

Answer 28

LINGUAL THYROID

Question 29

are congenital epithelial cysts, which arise on the lateral part of the neck from a failure of obliteration of the branchial cleft in embryonic development

Answer 29

Branchial cleft cysts

Question 30

fistula vs sinus vs cyst?

Answer 30

You should differentiate a fistula from a sinus to a cyst. Anatomically, a cyst is completely enclosed by an epithelium, a sinus has one opening, and a fistula have an internal opening and an outer opening.

Question 31

what pouch is the most common cyst?

Answer 31

Second branchial ‘cleft’ cyst – tract linked to tonsillar fossa (palatine tonsils)

Question 32

The larynx, trachea, and esophagus are formed by

Answer 32

the 8th week AOG

Question 33

is the narrowest part of the neonatal airway, measuring about 4-5 mm in diameter

Answer 33

Subglottis

Question 34

-• Is a congenital abnormality of the laryngeal cartilage • It is a congenital laryngeal anomaly of the newborn characterized by flaccid laryngeal tissue and inward collapse of the supraglottic structure leading to upper airway obstruction • It is a dynamic lesion resulting in collapse of the supraglottic structures during inspiration, leading to airway obstruction

Answer 34

LARYNGOMALACIA

Question 35

“Omega shaped” epiglottis is a common laryngoscopic finding • Most patients do not require any intervention because of high rate of spontaneous improvement

Answer 35

LARYNGOMALACIA

Question 36

2nd most common laryngeal anomaly of infancy • Most commonly idiopathic in infants • Most commonly iatrogenic in older children • Left vocal cord more commonly affected

Answer 36

VOCAL CORD DYSFUNCTION

Question 37

Vocal cord positions?

Answer 37

``` median- midline paramedian - 1.5 mm intermediate - 3.5 mm partial abduction-7 mm full abduction - 9.5 mm ```

Question 38

* A condition of narrowing of the subglottic airway * Although it is relatively rare, it is the third most common congenital airway problem * Can present as a life-threatening airway emergency

Answer 38

subglottic stenosis

Question 39

grading of subglottic stenosis

Answer 39

grade 1 - stenosis 0-50% grade 2 - 51-70 grade 3 - 71 -99 grade 4 - 100%

Question 40

* Incomplete separation of the foregut extending cephalad to include the inter-arytenoid space * Classification system based upon inferior extent of the cleft

Answer 40

LARYNGEAL CLEFTS

Question 41

classification of laryngeal clefts?

Answer 41

✓ Type 1 – inter-arytenoid musculature ✓ Type 2 – into cricoid ✓ Type 3 – through entire posterior cricoid ✓ Type 4 – extending through membranous trachea

Question 42

Surfactant is secreted at ______ weeks and is sufficient in quantity to prevent lung collapse at _____ weeks

Answer 42

23-24; 28-32

Question 43

Normal ratio of tracheal cartilage to membranous wall is approximately

Answer 43

4:1

Question 44

intrinsic vs extrinsic tracheomalacia?

Answer 44

✓ Intrinsic – ratio of cartilage to membrane about 2:1 ✓ Extrinsic – normal ratio with extrinsic compression • Vascular anomalies (artery compression) • Mediastinal masses (space occupying lesion)

Question 45

VACTERL syndrome

Answer 45

``` ✓ V – Vertebral/ vascular ✓ A – Anorectal ✓ C – Cardiac ✓ T – Tracheo ✓ E – Esophageal ✓ R – Radial / Renal ✓ L – Limb deformities ```

Question 46

4 main types of TEF?

Answer 46

1. Proximal esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula near bifurcation (90% of cases) 2. H-type fistula – may be very difficult to diagnose (connection can happen in any location along the length of the trachea and esophagus) 3. Proximal TEF with distal esophageal atresia (lahat ng food can enter the lungs) 4. Proximal esophageal atresia with TEF and distal esophageal atresia with second TEF

Question 47

* Result of unequal partitioning of the foregut into the trachea and esophagus * May be associated with TEF of complex congenital heart disease

Answer 47

Tracheal Stenosis

Question 48

last part of the auricle to form

Answer 48

lobule

Question 49

The medial EAC ossifies within the

Answer 49

first 2 years of life

Question 50

The EAC reaches adult size by about

Answer 50

9 years of age

Question 51

Ossicles start to develop in the

Answer 51

first 4-6 weeks AOG

Question 52

Ossicles are of adult size and shape by

Answer 52

6 mos AOG

Question 53

* Result of persistent epithelial rests in the middle ear space * Most commonly presents as “closed” keratotic cyst medial to the anterior superior TM * Less commonly presents as an “open” infiltrative lesion which is more extensive * Diagnosis may be obscured by history of eustachian tube dysfunction * Average age of diagnosis between 2.5-5 years of age

Answer 53

CONGENITAL CHOLESTEATOMA

Question 54

The otic vesicle is the precursor of the

Answer 54

membranous labyrinth

Question 55

an act establishing a universal newborn hearing screening program for the prevention, early diagnosis, and intervention of hearing loss

Answer 55

REPUBLIC ACT 9709

Question 56

• Most common neoplasm of the childhood

Answer 56

HEMANGIOMA

Question 57

most common cystic lesion of the anterior triangle of the neck in children

Answer 57

Branchial Cleft Cysts

Question 58

o External pit may be located at any point along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) o Internal communication defined by embryologic origin

Answer 58

Branchial Cleft Fistulas or Sinus Tracts

Question 59

Type 1 vs type 2 first branchial cleft remnants

Answer 59

o Type 1 – ectodermal origin; duplication of membranous EAC | o Type 2 – ectodermal and mesodermal origin; may consist of fistula from the EAC to the upper neck

Question 60

Can be defined as an irregular neck mass or a lump which develops from cells and tissues left over after the formation of the thyroid gland during developmental stages • The most common cause of midline neck masses and are generally located caudal to (below) the hyoid bone

Answer 60

THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYSTS

Question 61

* Moves with protrusion of the tongue * May contain ectopic thyroid tissue * May contain all of the functioning thyroid

Answer 61

THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYSTS`