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[OS 205] 3rd Exam > Trans - Adult and Pediatric Structural and Functional Correlates > Flashcards

Trans - Adult and Pediatric Structural and Functional Correlates Flashcards

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1
Q

difference between adult and pediatric cardiac diseases

A

[1] adult - acquired cardiac diseases (eg. coronary heart disease
[2] pediatric - congenital cardiac diseases

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2
Q

coronary artery balloon angioplasty

A

procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries wherein a balloon is inserted into the artery via catheter and inflated

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3
Q

adult heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

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4
Q

newborn heart rate

A

110-150 bpm

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5
Q

heart rate in 2yr child

A

85-120 bpm

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6
Q

heart rate in 4yr child

A

75-115 bpm

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7
Q

heart rate in 6 yr child

A

60-100 bpm

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8
Q

CT ratio of pediatric

A

0.55

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9
Q

[T/F] newborns cannot increase stroke volume

A

T

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10
Q

newborn cardiac output is depended on?

A

heart rate

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11
Q

effect of thymus in chest xray

A

enlarged cardiac shadow

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12
Q

main difference of fetal and adult circulation

A

site of gas exchange

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13
Q

umbilical vein

A

entrance of oxygenated blood from placenta into the fetus

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14
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts blood from umbilical vein away from liver into the IVC

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15
Q

foramen ovale

A

connects LA and RA to allow bypassing of pulmonary circuit

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16
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

connects pulmonary trunk and aorta to allow bypassing of pulmonary circuit

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17
Q

umbilical arteries

A

exit of deoxygenated blood from fetus into placenta

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18
Q

consequences of interruption of umbilical cords upon birth

A

[1] increase in systemic vascular resistance –> closure of ductus venosus

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19
Q

consequences of lung expansion upon birth [4]

A

[1] fall in pulmonary vascular resistance
[2] increased pulmonary blood flow
[3] increased LV pressure –> closure of foramen ovale
[4] increased blood O2 content –> closure of ductus arteriosus

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20
Q

what causes ductus venosus closure

A

increased systemic vascular resistance

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21
Q

what causes foramen ovale closure

A

increased LV pressure upon lung expansion

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22
Q

what causes ductus arteriosus closure

A

increased blood pO2 upon lung expansion, causing contraction of the smooth muscle

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23
Q

fate of ductus venosus

A

ligamentum venosum

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24
Q

fate of ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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25
fate of formen ovale
fossa ovalis
26
fate of umbilical arteries
medial umbilical ligaments
27
fate of umbilical vein
ligamentum teres
28
incidence of congenital heart disease
4-8 per 1000 live births
29
Baltimore-Washington infant study - conclusions
frequency of certain cardiac defects varies according to gender: [1] males - TGA, AV stenosis, tricuspid atresia [2] females - AV canal defects, ASD, VSD
30
environmental factors causing congenital heart disease [2]
[1] maternal illness / infection | [2] drug exposure
31
[T/F] late cardiac defects are more critical
F, it is early cardiac defects which are more critical
32
examples of early cardiac defects [5]
``` [1] laterality and looping defects [2] cardiac outflow tract defects [3] AV septum defect [4] VSD membranous type [5] TAPVR ```
33
examples of late cardiac defects [6]
``` [1] VSD muscular type [2] obstructive lesions [3] ASD [4] PDA [5] Ebstein's malformation of tricuspid [6] cardiomyopathies ```
34
examples of acyanotic heart disease [2]
[1] left to right shunt | [2] obstructive lesions
35
examples of cyanotic heart disease [3]
[1] right to left shunt | [2] transpositions of great vessels
36
left to right shunt - effects
[1] increased pulmonary blood flow [2] pulmonary hypertension --> congestive heart failure [3] RV hypertrophy
37
right to left shunt - effects
[1] reduction in pulmonary blood flow --> cyanosis
38
Tetralogy of Fallot
[1] pulmonary stenosis [2] overriding aorta [3] RV hypertrophy [4] VSD
39
Ebstein's anomaly
Downward displacement of an abnormal tricuspid valve into the right ventricular cavity. Part of the right ventricle is thus incorporated into the right atrium (atrialized right ventricle) and the remaining ventricular cavity is malformed and reduced.
40
why are complex lesions called complex lesions?
these lesions involve mixing of pulmonary blood flow and systemic blood flow as a result of complex interactions between systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance
41
obstructive lesions - effects
[1] pressure overload on ventricle --> hypertrophy | [2] low cardiac output
42
tachypnea
pulmonary overcirculation
43
Eissenmenger's syndrome
the process in which a left to right shunt causes increased flow through the pulmonary vasculature, causing pulmonary hypertension, which in turn causes increased pressures in the right side of the heart and reversal of the shunt into a right-to-left shunt.
44
ostium secundum defects
interatrial communications within fossa ovalis
45
ostium primum defects
partial AV septal defect
46
ASD - general direction of flow? why?
left to right, LA pressure is higher
47
[T/F] there is faster flow through a VSD if pulmonary stenosis is absent
F
48
difference of partial and complete AVSD
partial AVSD still has 2 valve orifices, complete AVSD only has 1 valve orifice (abnormal valve arrangement)
49
partial AVSD is physiologically similar to
ostium secundum ASD
50
PDA - effects
[1] increased pulmonary blood flow --> decrease in lung compliance [2] increased pulmonary return --> hypertrophied / dilated LV [3] continuous murmur
51
methods of closure for PDA
[1] coil closure | [2] device closure
52
types of pulmonary stenosis
[1] valvar [2] supravalvar [3] subvalvar / infravalvar [4] branch peripheral --> stenosis of left, right, or both pulmonary arteries
53
pulmonary stenosis defect develops during first __ weeks of pregnancy
8
54
aortic stenosis - effect
[1] decreased cardiac output | [2] left ventricle hypertrophy --> may lead to chest pain
55
how does aortic stenosis often occur in adults?
deposition of calcium in the valve (calcific aortic stenosis)
56
coarctation of aorta - effects
[1] hypertension (high BP before point of coarctation, low BP beyond point of coarctation)
57
Blalock-Thomas-Taussing Shunt
treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot --> anastomosing pulmonary artery with subclavian artery, bypassing pulmonary stenosis
58
pulmonic atresia
pulmonic valve is replaced by a solid sheet of tissue (valve stays closed) --> closed pulmonary circuit
59
Ebstein's anomaly - effects
[1] poor development of tricuspid valve --> tricuspid regurgitation [2] backing up of blood --> RA dilation, fluid buildup in heart [3] poor pumping of RV --> not enough oxygen --> cyanosis
60
tricuspid atresia
tricuspid valve is missing --> blockage of blood flow from RA to RV
61
tricuspid atresia - effects
[1] hypoplastic RV --> underwork
62
tricuspid atresia usually comes with these other defects:
[1] ASD [2] VSD [3] pulmonic stenosis
63
treatment of tricuspid atresia
Blalock-Thomas-Taussig Shunt
64
most common cyanotic congenital heart defect
transposition of great arteries
65
truncus arteriosus
[1] truncus arteriosus instead of pulmonary trunk and aorta [2] overrides both ventricles [3] large VSD
66
TAPVR
total anomalous pulmonary venous return [1] pulmonary veins connect / lead to right atrium [2] ASD present
67
OPQRST
``` onset precipitating/aggravating factors quality radiation severity timing ```
68
precordial bulge indicates:
cardiomegaly
69
vibratory / still's murmur
innocent murmur in children caused by small ascending aortic diameter
70
innocent pulmonic murmur
continuous venous hum, louder in diastole
71
long term effect of cyanosis
hypoxemia --> tissue death
72
causes of cyanosis
[1] right to left shunt [2] decreased pulmonary blood flow [3] ventriculoarterial discordance {TGA} [4] low cardiac output
73
congestive heart failure
clinical condition wherein the heart cannot meet the metabolic demands of the body
74
Harrison's groove indicates
congestive heart failure
75
in fetal circulation, fraction of blood flowing through RV
2/3
76
in fetal circulation, fraction of blood flowing through foramen ovale
1/3

[OS 205] 3rd Exam (6 decks)

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