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[OS 201] 4th Exam > Trans - Concepts in Regulation > Flashcards

Trans - Concepts in Regulation Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

components of feedback system

A
  1. receptor
  2. control center
  3. effector
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2
Q

negative feedback - define

A

feedback that tends to stabilize a process

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3
Q

baroreflex - what is the receptor

A

stretch receptors in arteries

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4
Q

baroreflex - what is the control center

A

vasomotor center in medulla

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5
Q

baroreflex - what is the effector

A

vagal parasympathetic center and fibers

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6
Q

baroreflex - what is the stimuli, and what is the goal

A

decrease in heart rate in response to increase in blood pressure, to maintain BP

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7
Q

what type of system is the extracellular fluid

A

open

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8
Q

what type of system is the intracellular fluid

A

closed

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9
Q

plasma - define

A

effective circulation volume of ECF,

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10
Q

which is the smallest compartment of bodily fluid

A

plasma

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11
Q

interstitial fluid - define

A

surrounds the cell, access from plasma to cell

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12
Q

structure that regulates excretion of fluids and electrolytes from the ECF

A

kidney

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13
Q

what sex has higher % body water? why?

A

male, because females have more body fat (fat is water-deficient)

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14
Q

electrolyte composition of plasma is similar to electrolyte composition of what other compartment

A

interstitial fluid

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15
Q

electrolyte composition of ICF is similar to electrolyte composition of what other compartment

A

none

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16
Q

what determines osmolarity outside cells

A

Na, Cl

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17
Q

osmosis - define

A

net movement of water across semipermeable membrane according to concentration gradient

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18
Q

water channels that facilitate osmosis in nonpermeable membranes

A

aquaporins

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19
Q

amount of pressure required to stop movement of pure water into the solution

A

osmotic pressure

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20
Q

what counteracts osmotic pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

steady state - relationship of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

A

equal

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22
Q

steady state - relationship of osmotic concentration of cytoplasmic compartment and osmotic concentration of extracellular fluid

A

equal

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23
Q

regulation of ECF volume - effector

A

modification of Na secretion in kidney

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24
Q

regulation of ECF volume - sensor

A

detect changes in volume and vascular capacity

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25
major osmotically active particles in ECF
Na, Cl, bicarbonate
26
low pressure baroreceptors - detect pressure in what part of circulation
venous
27
low pressure baroreceptors - detect pressure in which chambers of the heart
all except LV
28
low pressure baroreceptors - function
assess filling of central venous circulation
29
cardiac atria receptors - what type of receptor
stretch receptors
30
cardiac atria receptors - secrete what substance
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
31
end result of stimulating cardiac atria receptors
natriuresis and diuresis
32
part of ECF in arterial system and effectively perforating all tissues
effective circulation volume
33
cardiac atrial receptors - send impulse to where?
hypothalamus and medulla
34
how do the hypothalamus and medulla help in cardiac atrial receptor function
1. reduce sympathetic muscle discharge to kidney | 2. reduce ADH secretion by pituitary
35
2 types of low pressure baroreceptors
1. cardiac atrial receptors | 2. cardiopulmonary receptors
36
sympathetic stimulation - effect on kidney
reduce function
37
high pressure baroreceptors - detect pressure in what part of the circulation
arterial circulation
38
high pressure baroreceptors - where located?
1. bifurcation of common carotid artery (carotid sinus) | 2. aorta (aortic body)
39
high pressure baroreceptors - function
detect changes in mean arterial pressure to maintain it, and thereby protect the brain
40
intrarenal baroreceptor - example
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
41
JGA - stimulated by
1. sympathetic signals 2. hypotension 3. decreased sodium delivery
42
JGA - release what substance
renin
43
aldosterone - function
main regulator of sodium excretion lack of adosterone causes uncontrolled secretion of Na (and H2O waste)
44
what is the end result of the RAS
increase blood volume by decreasing natriuresis and therefore diuresis
45
what is the end result of the stimulation of low pressure and high pressure baroreceptors
decrease/maintain BP by increasing natriuresis and therefore diuresis
46
renin activates (1)_______ to become (2)_______
1. angiotensinogen | 2. angiotensin I
47
angiotensin I is acted upon by (1)_______ to produce (2)_______
1. angiotensin converting enzyme | 2. angiotensin II
48
angiotensin II production occurs in what organ
lungs
49
important functions of angiotensin II
1. stimulation of thirst --> increase in blood volume 2. stimulation of pituitary --> release of ADH --> decrease diuresis --> increase blood volume 3. stimulation of adrenal cortex --> release aldosterone --> decrease in Na secretion/natriuresis --> increase in blood volume
50
from where is aldosterone released
adrenal cortex
51
from where is ADH released
posterior pituitary
52
4 components of effector limb in maintaining ECF
1. glomerular filtration rate 2. Na resorption in tubules 3. humeral effectors (RAS) 4. renal sympathetic nerves
53
increased ECF osmolarity causes release of (1)________ and therefore (2)_______
1. ADH | 2. water and salt retention
54
ADH - function
prevent diuresis and therefore act in fluid retention
55
where is ADH produced
supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei
56
from where is thirst controlled
hypothalamic thirst center
57
threshold for thirst
plasma osmolarity of 295 mOsm/L
58
(1)__________ mechanism dominates over (2)______ mechanism
1. baro(mechanism) | 2. osmotic
59
osmometers in regulation of ICF
RBC
60
major cell membrane impermeant solutes
Na, K, Cl
61
major cell membrane permeant solutes
glycerol, urea
62
determines steady state volume of ICF
concentration of impermeant solutes in ECF
63
effect of permeant solutes in concentration
transient changes
64
[T/F] the more permeable the membrane is to a certain permeable solute, the longer the duration of any transient change in concentration this solute might produce
F
65
types of solute
1. perturbing | 2. nonperturbing
66
perturbing solute - define
solute that can harm cells and disrupt mechanism in excess of concentrations or rate of change
67
perturbing solute - example
electrolytes, urea
68
nonperturbing solute - define
solute that may be accumulated within the cytosol without detrimental effects, used in adaptation to chronic changes
69
type of cell volume change
1. anisoosmotic | 2. isoosmotic
70
anisoosmotic volume change - cause
alterations in cellular osmolarity
71
isoosmotic volume change - cause
alterations in cell content and membrane permeability
72
differentiate anisoosmotic and isoosmotic volume change
anisoosmotic - change in volume with change in ICF solute concentration isoosmotic - change in volume without change in ICF solute concentration
73
how does a cell regulate its ICF
through metabolic production and removal of osmotically active substances
74
most vulnerable organ to intracellular volume changes
brain
75
only place/space where brain can expand
foramen magnum
76
effect on volume of cellular solute gain
increase
77
effect on volume of cellular solute loss
decrease
78
hypovolemic hypernatremic state - what solution to give to correct volume deficit? why?
isoosmotic solution, to prevent brain edema
79
hypovolemic hypernatremic state - what solution to give to correct concentration anomaly
hypoosmotic solution
80
low plasma volume - effects:
1. low BP | 2. rapid pulse
81
low interstitial fluid volume - effects
1. poor skin turgor 2. dry tongue 3. sunken eyes
82
ICF depletion - effects
1. hallucination | 2. loss of many functions
83
[T/F] drinking urine results in net water loss
T
84
drinking urine - effects
increase in effective circulating volume increase in osmolarity cell shrinkage
85
effect of dehydration on body fluid compartments
decrease in volume of both ECF and ICF

[OS 201] 4th Exam (5 decks)

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