Transcription

Question 1

What is Transcription

Answer 1

DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

Question 2

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 2

make DNA from RNA template

Question 3

Most eukaryotic genes contain noncoding sequences among the

Answer 3

coding regions

Question 4

alternative splicing

Answer 4

Coding sequences can be read in various combinations, each coding for a unique polypeptide chain;

Question 5

Three characteristics of the Genetic Code?

Answer 5

Degenerate, Non-overlapping and Unambiguous -

Question 6

Who provided the triplet nature of the code?

Answer 6

Francis Crick & Sydney Brenner (1961)

Question 7

Open reading frame(ORF) can cause?

Answer 7

Frameshift mutations

Question 8

a way of dividing thesequence of nucleotidesin anucleic acid(DNAorRNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets.

Answer 8

Reading frame

Question 9

amino acids/ stop signals are called

Answer 9

codons

Question 10

Open reading frame(ORF) contains?

Answer 10

no stop codons

Question 11

Causes Garbled words due to changes in reading frame

Answer 11

Due to Frameshift mutation

Question 12

Transcription of mRNA from DNA does same thing but uses

Answer 12

uracil (U) in place of thymine

Question 13

Transcription of mRNA from DNA uses what four stages

Answer 13

Binding, Initiation, Elongation and Termination

Question 14

Sigma factors promotes

Answer 14

binding of RNA polymerase to specific DNA sequences called promoters

Question 15

RNA polymerase in bacterial cells ONLY has

Answer 15

single kind of RNA polymerase and a lot of α and β subunits and sigma factor

Question 16

RNA synthesis takes place when the DNA is

Answer 16

unwound

Question 17

RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a

Answer 17

phosphodiester bond between the NTPs

Question 18

Is transcription in Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes more complex?

Answer 18

Eukaryotes

Question 19

Uses 3 different RNA polymerases

Answer 19

Transcription in Eukaryotes

Question 20

a deadly toxin produced by the mushroom, Amanita phalloides an inhibitor of RNA polymerase

Answer 20

α-aminitin

Question 21

Small nuclear ribonucleic acid(snRNA) AKA

Answer 21

U-RNA, all RNA molecules that are found within the nucleus ofeukaryoticcells.

Question 22

processing of pre-mRNA in the nucleus

Answer 22

U-RNA

Question 23

a smallnon-coding RNAmolecule

Functions in transcriptional and post-transcriptionalregulation of gene expression

Answer 23

miRNA

Question 24

What are the three classes promotors of Eukaryotes

Answer 24

RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase III

Question 25

Consists of core promoter and upstream control element | RNA polymerase binds to the core promoter

Answer 25

RNA polymerase I

Question 26

Which RNA Polymerase uses At least 4 DNA sequences are involved

Answer 26

RNA polymerases II

Question 27

Used to make mRNA in RNA polymerase II

Answer 27

BRE, TATA box, Inr and DPE

Question 28

Common upstream control elements

Answer 28

CAAT and GC box

Question 29

upstream control elements: Those within 100–200 nucleotides of the startpoint are called

Answer 29

proximal control elements

Question 30

upstream control elements: | Those farther away from 100–200 nucleotides of the startpoint

Answer 30

enhancer elements

Question 31

Entirely downstream of the startpoint - for transcribing tRNA and 5S-rRNA

Answer 31

RNA Polymerase III

Question 32

Required to bind to its promoter and initiate RNA synthesis

Answer 32

General Transcription Factor

Question 33

What plays a crucial role in binding stage of eukaryotic transcription

Answer 33

protein-protein interactions

Question 34

General transcription factors in binding RNA polymerase II to DNA: what binds to what

Answer 34

1. TFIID first binds to TATA box in the DNA sequence 2. Preinitiation complex binds to promoter region 3. General transcription factor TFIIH

Question 35

possesses both helicase activity, that unwinds DNA, and a protein kinase activity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II

Answer 35

General transcription factor TFIIH

Question 36

changes the shape of RNA polymerase II, so it can initiate RNA synthesis at the startpoint

Answer 36

Phosphorylation

Question 37

Helicase activity

Answer 37

unwind the DNA, so that RNA polymerase molecule can begin to move

Question 38

Ability to recognize and bind to DNA promoter sequences is conferred by one of its subunits

Answer 38

TFIID

Question 39

If there is a DNA damage, RNA polymerase becomes

Answer 39

stalled temporarily during DNA excision repair

Question 40

RNA polymerase I: Termination signals

Answer 40

Terminated by a protein factor that recognizes an 18-nt termination signal in the growing RNA chain

Question 41

RNA polymerase II: Termination signals

Answer 41

Termination signals include a short run of U’s and no proteins are required for their recognition

Question 42

RNA polymerase II: Termination signals

Answer 42

mRNAs are cleaved at a specific site, a cleavage site, before transcription is actually terminated The cleavage site is10-35 nts downstream from a special AAUAAA sequence in the growing RNA chain

Question 43

Newly produced RNA molecule

Answer 43

primary transcript

Question 44

all chemical modifications necessary to generate a final protein product from the primary transcript

Answer 44

RNA processing

Question 45

RNA processing uses what three RNA's

Answer 45

rRNA, tRNA and mRNA

Question 46

most abundant and most stable RNA in cells and In eukaryotes, cytoplasmic ribosomes contain four types?

Answer 46

rRNA

Question 47

The Presence of three different rRNA genes within a single transcription unit ensures what?

Answer 47

Theres RNAs in equal amounts

Question 48

The nontranscribed spacers

Answer 48

separate transcript units within each cluster

Question 49

transcribed spacers

Answer 49

The DNA sequences that code for the three rRNA

Question 50

remove the transcribed spacers and release the mature rRNAs

Answer 50

Cleavage reactions

Question 51

i) Removal of leader sequence at the 5’ end ii) Replacement of two nucleotides at the 3’ end by the sequence CCA iii) Chemical modification of certain bases iv) Excision of an intron

Answer 51

tRNA gene into mature tRNA (clover structure)

Question 52

Which RNA does not require processing before translated?

Answer 52

Bacteria RNA | transcription and translation occur simultaneously

Question 53

In what Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes is Transcription and translation are separated, both time and space

Answer 53

Eukaryotes

Question 54

Transcription takes place in

Answer 54

the nucleus

Question 55

Translation takes place in

Answer 55

in cytoplasm

Question 56

What are the three processes of mRNA

Answer 56

1. Capping 2. poly (A) tail 3. Splicing