Transcription Factors/ Cell signaling

Question 1

Location of primordial germ cells during the 2nd week of development:

Answer 1

In the wall of the yolk sac.

Question 2

Phase in which the secondary oocyte arrested until fertilization.

Answer 2

Metaphase II

Question 3

Functions of Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) (5)

Answer 3

Muscle and nerve specification; drosophila sex determination; pigmentation.

Question 4

Mesenchymal cell matrix secretion and degradation produces or removes:

Answer 4

ECM as for example in Cartilage mesenchyme.

Question 5

Mesenchymal cell condensation:

Answer 5

Becomes epithelium for example in Cartilage mesenchyme.

Question 6

Mesenchymal cell division:

Answer 6

Produces more cells by mitosis (hyperplasia) for example in limb mesenchyme.

Question 7

Mesenchymal cell migration produces:

Answer 7

Heart mesenchyme by cell movement at a particular time and place.

Question 8

PGCs migrate to the developing gonads (genital ridge) during the ___ week of development.

Answer 8

4th week.

Question 9

Protein-protein interaction domain

Answer 9

Modulation of TF or dimerization

Question 10

Fat cells are produced by:

Answer 10

Mesenchymal cell growth (hypertrophy)

Question 11

Functions of Homeodomain function (7)

Answer 11

Axis formation, pituitary development, neural fate, head development, neural specification, eye development

Question 12

Nobel price in 1935 for his work in primary induction.

Answer 12

Hans Spemann

Question 13

The four steps of cell migration are:

Answer 13

1. Cell polarization directed by:
   - ECM signals and difussing signals
2. Protrusion of leading edge: polimerization of actin at the cell membrane Filopodia and Lamellipodia formation.
3. Adhesion on ECM: integrins span cel, membrane in focal adhesions
4. Release of adhesion in the rear (most-likely. Ediated by Stretch-sensitive calcium channels)

Question 14

Where do PGC’s come from originally

Answer 14

From the primary ectoderm derived from the epiblast

Question 15

Cadherins assist in properly positioning cells, which in turns allow for: (2)

Answer 15

1. Separation of different tissue layers

2. Cellular migration.

Question 16

The two mayor embryonic cells are:

Answer 16

Epithelial cells (sheets and tubes) and “loose” Mesenchymal cells.

Question 17

Functions of Basic leucine zipper (bZip) (2)

Answer 17

Liver differentiation, fat cell specification

Question 18

Induction describes the process in which:

Answer 18

One group of cells, the inductive tissue, direct the development of another group of cells, the responding tissue.

Question 19

Stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen by the follicular cells.

Answer 19

FSH

Question 20

Cadherins are:

Answer 20

Calcium-dependant adhesion molecules. They’re associated with greater tumor metastasis when loss of function.

Question 21

What are some differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Answer 21

1) oogonia become primary oocytes before birth vs spermatogonia who are dormant until puberty
…

Question 22

Serves as the trigger for ovulation and stimulates follicular cells and the corpus luteum to produce progesterone.

Answer 22

LH

Question 23

Homone that stimulates MII during ovulatiom

Answer 23

LH

Question 24

Interdigital mesenchyme is produced by:

Answer 24

Apoptosis (Cell death)

Question 25

Cad-cad binding is ____ stronger than most metabolic protein-protein interaction.

Answer 25

200x

Question 26

How do PGCs (46;2N) migrate to the gonads during the 4th week?

Answer 26

They migrate from the ventral end to the dorsal end (a lo largo del embrión) throughout the mesentery arriving at the indifferent gonads (Urogenital ridge).

Question 27

Juxtacrine Signals

Answer 27

In juxtacrine interactions, proteins from the inducing cell interact with receptor proteins of adjacent responding cells. The inducer does not diffuse from the cell producing it.

Question 28

In epithelia migration:

Answer 28

The leading edge of the sheet moves and the rest of the cells fallow passively.

Question 29

The four groups of GDFs are:

Answer 29

Fibroblasts Growth Factors (FGFs), Hedgehogs, WNTs, Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-B) superfamily.

Question 30

William Harvey was the first one to:

Answer 30

Argue that all animals develop from eggs “ex ovo omnia”.

Question 31

DNA- binding domain

Answer 31

Recognizes a specific 11bp sequence on the DNA in the enhancer

Question 32

Functions of Sry-Sox (3)

Answer 32

Bend DNA; mammalian primary sex determination; ectoderm differentiation

Question 33

Cells from different embryonic tissues (Presumptive epidermal cells and Neural plate cells)...

Answer 33

“Spontaneously” reaggregate.

Question 34

Function of the Yolk sac

Answer 34

Nutrir el tejido en desarollo

Question 35

A transactivation domain

Answer 35

Binding RNA Pol II complex or nucleosome modifying enzymes in the C terminal of dimerized proteins

Question 36

In mesenchyme migration:

Answer 36

Individual cells polarize and move actively through an ECM

Question 37

Aristostoteles was the first one to:

Answer 37

Classify lives species

Question 38

What are the three mechanisms of induction

Answer 38

1. Diffusion of signal substances (paracrine) 2. Matrix-Mediated interactions (juxtacrine) 3. Cell contact-mediated interaction

Question 39

Gametes are derived from:

Answer 39

Primordial germ cells (PGCs)

Question 40

Functions of Zinc finger: Standad (4)

Answer 40

Kidney, gonad, and macrophage development; Drosophila segmentation

Question 41

Monthly reproductive cycles are regulated by...

Answer 41

The hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries.