TRANSFUSION

Question 1

what are the minimum criteria for blood donors

Answer 1

Hb
- 135 g/L men
- 125 g/L women 
weight 
- 50 kg

Question 2

donated blood is tested for which infections

Answer 2

HIV
Hep B/C/E
HTLV
syphilis

Question 3

how are red cells stored

Answer 3

4 degrees for 35 days

Question 4

how is FFP stored

Answer 4

-30 degrees for 3 years

Question 5

how are platelets stored

Answer 5

22 degrees for 7 days with agitation to prevent clotting

Question 6

what its he deference between blood components and blood products

Answer 6

blood components come from a single donor

blood products are combined from as many as 200 donors

Question 7

what are red cell components

Answer 7

red cells
FFP
platelets
cryoprecipitate

Question 8

examples of blood products

Answer 8

anti-D Ig
prothrombin complex concentrate 
IV Ig
human albumin 
specific Ig

Question 9

what are the two most important blood group systems

Answer 9

ABO

Rh

Question 10

which chromosome is responsible for producing the antigens of the ABO system

Answer 10

chromosome 9

Question 11

what do the A and B genes on chromosome code for

Answer 11

transferases which modify precursor called H substance on red cell membranes

Question 12

what is the most common ABO blood type

Answer 12

O

Question 13

what is the least common blood type

Answer 13

AB

Question 14

what does Landsteiner;s law state

Answer 14

when an individual lacks the A or B antigen the corresponding antibody is produced in their plasma

Question 15

how does the body produce antibodies to the lacking A or B antigen

Answer 15

bacteria express similar antigens on their membranes which causes the body to produce anti-A or anti-B antibodies

Question 16

what effect do anti-A or anti-B antibodies have on red cells

Answer 16

cause haemolysis if red cells express that antigen

Question 17

which antibodies are present in a person with type A blood

Answer 17

anti-B

Question 18

which antibodies are present in a person with type B blood

Answer 18

anti-A

Question 19

which antibodies are present in a person with type AB blood

Answer 19

neither

Question 20

which antibodies are present in a person with type O blood

Answer 20

anti-A and anti-B

Question 21

people with type O blood can receive donor blood from which groups

Answer 21

O

Question 22

people with type A blood can receive donor blood from which groups

Answer 22

O

A

Question 23

people with type B blood can receive donor blood from which groups

Answer 23

O

B

Question 24

people with type AB blood can receive donor blood from which groups

Answer 24

O
A
B
AB

Question 25

is the majority of the population Rh positive or negative?

Answer 25

Rh positive

Question 26

why is the Rh system important

Answer 26

it is very immunogenic | it can cause transfusion reactions and haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn

Question 27

how can individuals become sensitised stocks exposure to foreign antigens

Answer 27

pregnancy | transfusion

Question 28

what is antisera and why is it used

Answer 28

reagents with known antibody specificity to identify antigens present on the red cell

Question 29

what are reagent red cells are why are they used

Answer 29

red cells with known antigen specificity to identify antibodies present in the plasma

Question 30

how is ABO/D grouping carried out

Answer 30

patients red cells are tested with anti-A, anti-B and anti-D antisera (identify antigens on red cells) patient's plasma is tested against reagent red cells of group A and group B (identify antibodies in the plasma)

Question 31

how is the presence of other antibodies in the plasma tested for

Answer 31

indirect antiglobulin test - reagent red cells expressing known antigens - add patient plasma - add anti-human globulin - look for agglutination

Question 32

how does anti-human globulin show the presence of antibodies in a patient's plasma

Answer 32

it binds to antibodies that are bound to red cells to cause agglutination i.e. only causes agglutination if there are other antibodies present in the plasma

Question 33

how is donor blood crossmatched with patient blood

Answer 33

patient plasma is added to donor red cells anti-human globulin is added look for agglutination

Question 34

what are indications for red cell transfusion

Answer 34

``` symptomatic anaemia (Hb <70 g/L0 major bleeding ```

Question 35

indications for platelet transfusion

Answer 35

prophylaxis in patients with bone marrow failure and very low platelet counts treatment of bleeding in thrombocytopaenic patient prophylaxis prior to surgery/procedure in thrombocytopaenic patient

Question 36

indications for FFP transfusion

Answer 36

treatment of bleeding in patient with coagulopathy prophylaxis prior to surgery or procedure in patient with coagulopathy management of massive haemorrhage transfuse early in trauma

Question 37

what monitoring should be carried out during transfusion

Answer 37

observations before blood transfusion observations at 15 minutes observations within 60 minutes of completion