Transition metals

Question 1

What block of the periodic table are the transition metals in?

Answer 1

-D block

Question 2

What is a transition metal?

Answer 2

-A transition metal is a metal that can form one or more stable ions with an incomplete d sub-level

Question 3

What are the physical properties of transition metals?

Answer 3

-High density
-High melting and boiling points

Question 4

What are the chemical properties of transition metals?

Answer 4

-Can form complex ions
-Form coloured ions
-Good catalysts
-Variable oxidation states

Question 5

What is a complex ion?

Answer 5

-A metal ion surrounded by co-ordinately bonded ligands

Question 6

What is a dative (co-ordinate) bond?

Answer 6

-A covalent bond in which both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom

Question 7

What is a ligand?

Answer 7

-An atom, ion or molecule that donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion

Question 8

What are ligands that form more than one co-ordinate bond called?

Answer 8

-Multidentate

Question 9

What are ligands that form only one co-ordinate bond called?

Answer 9

-Monodentate

Question 10

How do you work out the oxidation state of the metal ion?

Answer 10

oxidation state=total charge of complex-sum of the charges of the ligands

Question 11

How many lone pairs does EDTA^4- have?

Answer 11

6 lone pairs

Question 12

What does bidentate mean?

Answer 12

-Multidentate ligands that can form two co-ordinate bonds

Question 13

What determines the shape of a complex ion?

Answer 13

-Its co-ordination number

Question 14

What are the two types of stereoisomerism?

Answer 14

-Optical isomerism
-Cis-trans isomerism

Question 15

When does optical isomerism occur?

Answer 15

-When an ion can exist as two non-superimposable mirror images

Question 16

What are optical isomers called?

Answer 16

-Enantiomers

Question 17

What is cisplatin?

Answer 17

-A complex of platinum (II) with two chloride ions and two ammonia ions in a square planar shape

Question 18

What are the uses of cisplatin?

Answer 18

-Can be used to treat some types of cancer

Question 19

What is the equation used to figure out the energy absorbed when electrons jump?

Answer 19

energy change=hv=hc/*
h=Planck’s constant
v=Frequency of light absorbed (Hz)
c=Speed of light
*=Wavelength of light absorbed

Question 20

What factors can change the colour of transition metals?

Answer 20

-Changes in oxidation states
-Changes in co-ordination number
-Changes in ligand

Question 21

What is spectroscopy?

Answer 21

-Can be used to determine the concentration of a solution by measuring how much light it absorbs

Question 22

What is ligand substitution?

Answer 22

-When one ligand is swapped for another

Question 23

What happens when substitution of similarly sized ligands occurs?

Answer 23

-Co-ordination number of the complex ion doesn’t change
-Shape of complex ion doesn’t change

Question 24

What happens when substitution of different sized ligands occurs?

Answer 24

-Change of co-ordination number
-Change of shape

Question 25

What is the multidentate ligand in haemoglobin?

Answer 25

-Porphyrin

Question 26

What happens to haemoglobin when carbon monoxide is inhaled?

Answer 26

-Water ligands are substituted for carbon monoxide ligands, forming carboxyhaemoglobin

Question 27

Summarise the oxygen transport process

Answer 27

High conc of O2 -Oxygen displaces water to form oxyhaemoglobin -Lungs->Bloodstream->Site where oxygen is needed Low conc of O2 -Water displaces oxygen to form deoxyhaemoglobin -Bloodstream->Lungs

Question 28

What forms more stable complexes, multidentate ligands or monodentate ligands?

Answer 28

-Multidentate

Question 29

What is the enthalpy change like during a ligand exchange reaction?

Answer 29

-Very small

Question 30

What is the entropy change like during a ligand exchange reaction?

Answer 30

-Large increase

Question 31

What is the chelate effect?

Answer 31

-When monodentate ligands are substituted with bidentate or multidentate ligands and the number of particles increases

Question 32

What are the oxidation states and colours of the vanadium ions?

Answer 32

+5=Yellow +4=Blue +3=Green +2=Violet

Question 33

How can vanadium be reduced?

Answer 33

-adding zinc metal to it in an acidic solution

Question 34

What is the redox potential of an ion or atom?

Answer 34

-How easily it is reduced to a lower oxidation state

Question 35

What factors affect redox potential?

Answer 35

-Ligands -pH

Question 36

Why do transition metals make good catalysts?

Answer 36

-They can change oxidation states by gaining or losing electrons within their d orbitals

Question 37

What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

Answer 37

-It is in a different state than the reactants

Question 38

What is a support medium used for?

Answer 38

-To make the area of a catalyst as large as possible

Question 39

What does catalyst poisoning do?

Answer 39

-Reduces the surface area of the catalyst available to the reaction

Question 40

What is a homogeneous catalyst?

Answer 40

-In the same physical state as the reactants