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Foundations of Life Science > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What regions does a gene contain?

A
  • 5’ end
  • 3’ end
  • Promoter region
  • Coding region
  • Terminator region
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2
Q

What feature of DNA ensures genes are expressed at the correct time in the correct time?

A
  • Upstream enhancers
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3
Q

What do upstream enhancers allow?

A
  • Activators to bind

- Attachment of transcription factors to the promoter sequence

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4
Q

What is the promoter region?

A

An area on the 5’ end upstream of the gene. It acts as a control point for transcription

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5
Q

Where do transcription factors bind?

A

Specific motifs within the promoter region

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6
Q

What is sometimes present within the promoter region

A

TATAA box consisting of the nucleobases T and A

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7
Q

What does the TATAA box allow?

A

Allows RNA polymerase and transcription factors to recognise the sequence to be transcribed

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8
Q

What do genes without a TATA box rely on?

A

The binding of transcription factors to specific motifs in the promoter region 5’ of the coding region

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9
Q

What is the role of insulators on a gene?

A

Protect the inner sequence to ensure expression

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10
Q

What sequences does pre-mRNA contain?

A

Leader, Introns, Exons and Trailers

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11
Q

What sequences in pre-mRNA are spliced?

A

Introns

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12
Q

What sequences in pre-mRNA form the mature mRNA?

A

Leader, Exons and Trailer

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13
Q

What sequences in mRNA are translated?

A

Exons

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14
Q

What can the leader and trailer sequences in mRNA be referred to as?

A

UTR

-Un Translated Regions

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15
Q

What is the Reading frame?

A

Sequence between the leader and trailer sequences (exons)

Sequence that is transcribed

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16
Q

What does mRNA length rely on?

A

Length of transcribed gene

17
Q

Why will mRNA sequences differ?

A
  • Different reading frames

- Different leader and trailor regions

18
Q

What is present in the final mRNA sequence in the cytoplasm?

A
  • 5’ cap
  • Exons
  • 3’ poly-a-tail
19
Q

What determines the nature and shape of the polypeptide chain?

A
  • Combination of amino acids which determines the different bonds and interactions e.g. hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
20
Q

Size of a ribosome

A

80s

21
Q

What occurs at a ribosome?

A

Translation

22
Q

Where are translational ribosomes located?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

What is the ribosome made up of?

A

2 subunits

24
Q

When do both subunits of the ribosome combine?

A

When methylamine is present in the A-site of the 40s unit

25
Q

What are the two binding sites within a ribosome and what bins?

A

P site and A site

  • Peptidyl and aminocetyl
  • Charged tRNA’s
26
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A

Brings amino acids to the ribosomes during translation to be assembled into polypeptide chains

27
Q

What codes for tRNA?

A

tRNA genes

28
Q

Where does the amino acid bind to the tRNA?

A

CCA at the 3’ end

29
Q

What is the role of aminoacyl - tRNA synthase?

A

Adds the correct amino acid to its specific tRNA in the process of aminoacylation
One for every amino acid (20)

30
Q

What is the process of charging tRNA?

A
  • Uncharged tRNA is identified by its synthetase by a small number of bases
  • Amino acid associated with the enzyme binds to the active binding site
  • ATP binds to enzyme
  • 2 phosphate groups are released
  • Amino acid and ATP bind to form the aa-AMP enzyme and 2 phosphate groups
  • Enzyme changes shape
  • uncharged tRNA sits in a lower active binding site displacing the AMP
  • aa-tRNA is released
  • Covalent bonds form between carboxyl group of the amino acid and the hydroxyl group of the pentose sugar of the tRNA
  • Enzyme changes shape and changes back ready to charge the next tRNA
31
Q

When does the ribosome form?

A
  • 40s and 60s sub units are separate

- Ribosome does not form until the methylamine has bound to the 40s sub units

32
Q

How does a polypeptide form?

A
  • Charged tRNA comes to the A site
  • Peptide bond forms between amino on the P site and the A site
  • Once the peptide bond has formed the uncharged tRNA is ejected
  • Stop codon causes release factor 1 to bind
  • Ribosomal complex splits
  • RNA transcript is free to be translated again
  • Ribosomes can be recycled
  • More than one ribosome can translate a mRNA at one time simultaneously producing many polypeptides from a single mRNA
  • Important genes are highly active so a lot of transcripts so a lot of translation
33
Q

What are the different mutations?

A

Substitution, insertion and deletion

34
Q

What is a silent mutation

A

Same protein is syntheisised or mutation occurs outside of the transcribed sequence

35
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Stop codon introduced too early and peptide is too small

36
Q

What is a missence mutation?

A

Small change in peptide sequence which could have a large or small impact

37
Q

What is a frameshift?

A

Bases are added (addition or insertion) or removed (deletion) changing the open reading frame introducing extensive missense or nonsense. If 3 bases are added or removed there will be no frameshift

Foundations of Life Science (13 decks)

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