TRANSLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

DNA to RNA (specifically mRNA)

Transcription

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mRNA to protein
○ mRNA carries information from DNA

Translation

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Master plan

DNA

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● Blueprint of the master plan

RNA

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Sequence of 3 bases called

codon

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methionine or start codon

AUG

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stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

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Clover-leaf shape
● Single stranded molecule with attachment site at
one end for an amino acid

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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Opposite end has three
nucleotide bases called the

anticodon

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The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to
the 3 bases of a codon
● Example

○ Codon ACU
○ Anticodon UGA

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Genetic information is primarily carried by

DNA

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is located in the nucleus

DNA

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DNA

A-T
C-G

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RNA

A-U
C-G

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Promoter and its key element

○ TATA box

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Transcription Factors

recruitment of RNA polymerase

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catalyzes the formation of rRNA
■ Transcribes the nucleolar organizer, DNA

Polymerase I / A

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catalyzes the formation of
mRNA

Polymerase II / B

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catalyzes tRNA formation
■ Transcribes small genes

○ Polymerase III / C -

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Contains the TATA box

Promoter

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Also known as the Hogness Box

Promoter

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Can still control transcription

● TATA-less promoters

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Found 1 nucleotide before the start
of the transcription site

○ Inr (initiator element)

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Found 28 or 34+ nucleotides before
the start of transcription site

○ DPE (downstream promoter element)

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Found before the transcriptional start site approximately __________

25 nucleotides

For the recruitment of RNA Pol II ● Forms an apparatus that binds DNA and initiates transcription ● Activated by signals from outside the cell such as hormones and growth factors

Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors Sets the stage for transcription by forming a pocking or RNA polymerase

TFIIA ● TFIIB ● TFIID ● TFIIE ● TFIIF ● TFIIH

Transcription Steps

Initiation ● Elongation ● Termination

Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template to assemble complementary nucleotides into messenger RNA (mRNA)

DNA Transcription

can recognize the TATA BOX and also bind with it

TFIID

binds to TATA box and recruits other transcription factors

TFIID

_____, _____, _____, also binds to TATA box

Transcription factors IIA, IIB and IIF

destabilizes non-specific interactions of RNA polymerase II and the DNA

IIF

binds in an unphosphorylated state

RNA polymerase II

stabilizes the TFIID because it can be removed

IIA:

aids in the start site selection of RNA polymerase II; links the RNA polymerase II

● IIB:

bind forming PIC (Preinitiation complex)

TFIIE and IIH

controls the functions of the IIH, and enhances the melting of promoter

IIE

a helicase and a kinase

IIH

is phosphorylated by TFIIH

RNA pol II

DNA sequences at start site (recognize TATA BOX

Transcription Promoters

Nucleotides are ____________moves along the DNA to make the pre-mRNA until the termination site

added; Polymerase complex

cleaves the RNA from RNA Polymerase II

CPSF –Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor

Termination signal

AAUAAA)

The RNA that is the direct copy of the DNA is the __________

primary transcript

2 methods used to process primary transcripts to increase the stability of mRNA being exported to the cytoplasm

○ RNA capping ○ Polyadenylation

Happens at the 5’ end of the RNA

RNA CAPPING

Modifies the 3’ end of the primary transcript by the addition of a string of A’s

POLYADENYLATION

At the 3' end, a poly(A) tail of 150 or more adenine nucleotides is added. The tail plays a role in the stability of the mRNA

POLYADENYLATION

After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional

mRNA Processing

= forms spliceosome

snRNPs small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

DNA - template

Transcription

■ mRNA to amino acids

Translation

Made of a large and small subunit

RIBOSOMES

○ Large subuni

50s

Small subunit -

30s

Have two sites for tRNA attachment -

- P and A

are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA

Ribosomes

○ Holds the aatRNA carrying the next amino acid to be

○ aminoacyl-tRNA site

Holds the tRNA molecule carrying the growing polypeptide chain

○ peptidyl-tRNA site

Where tRNA molecules leave the ribosome ○ Without amino acids

○ Exit site

with attachment site at one end for an amino acid

Transfer RNA

● (1) amino acid + ATP → aminoacyl-AMP + PPi

○ Amino acid is activated by ATP

● (2) aminoacyl-AMP + tRNA → aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP

Amino acid is attached by high-energy bond to the 2’ or 3’ carbon of the ribose at the 3’ end of the tRNA

Use the code by reading from the center to the outside

The Genetic Code

GGG

Glycine

UCA

Serine

CAU

Histidine

GCA

Alanine

AAA

Lysine

TRANSLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION Flashcards

(70 cards)