Translation/Metabolism

Question 1

translation substeps

Answer 1

Initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 2

the formation of a 30s and 50s rRNA initiation complex

Answer 2

initiation

Question 3

r-RNA means ribosomal RNA, ____ and ___are the sizes of two parts of the ribosome. If they are joined, they are called ____ ribosome

Answer 3

30s and 50s, 70s

Question 4

All protein synthesis begins with the ____ initiation codon

Answer 4

AUG

Question 5

_____ called initiation factors, and the ___ bond energy from GTP should also be present

Answer 5

3 proteins, phosphate

Question 6

Initial AUG encodes for ____ (special amino acid); middle AUG encodes

Answer 6

N-formyl methionine, regular methionine

Question 7

ten nucleotides upstream the initial AUG

Answer 7

Shine-Dalgarno box

Question 8

uses tRNA with attached amino acids as decoders

Answer 8

Elongation

Question 9

match the codons on mRNA

Answer 9

anti codons

Question 10

the mRNA ___ the ribosome then the ribosome reads the message. Upon reading, the ____ produces polypeptides. Once the ___ enters the ribosome, the tRNA helps to produce _____

Answer 10

approaches, ribosome, 5’, polypeptide

Question 11

UAA, UAG, and UGA signals to ____. AUG is the ____

Answer 11

stop, initiation

Question 12

Translation start codon

Answer 12

AUG

Question 13

Two sites on the ribosome for the tRNA

Answer 13

P and A

Question 14

the ribosome is moving to balance the elongating polypeptide chain

Answer 14

Rachet mechanism

Question 15

single m-RNA can be read simultaneously by

Answer 15

10 to 20

Question 16

(proteins) that assist in folding

Answer 16

chaperones

Question 17

clipped off during secretion

Answer 17

signal sequence

Question 18

signal sequence = a sequence of 20-25 amino acids on the front of a protein that directs protein to be secreted out of the cell

Answer 18

Secretion

Question 19

secretion through the cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 19

Procaryotes

Question 20

bud around the proteins and transport to the membranes

Answer 20

transport vesicles

Question 21

Addition of sugars to the protein structure

Answer 21

Glycosylation

Question 22

only accomplished in eukaryotic organisms

Answer 22

N-linked glycosylation

Question 23

Glycosylation ____ is a target for the body to clear proteins. _____ glycosylation patterns will be ____. Critical implications for producing _____ proteins for human injection.

Answer 23

pattern, Non-native, removed, therapeutic

Question 24

the processes by which cells synthesize biomolecules and generate energy

Answer 24

Metabolism

Question 25

energy-yielding metabolism. The process of breaking down larger molecules to extract energy and create reaction substrates

Answer 25

Catabolism

Question 26

biosynthetic metabolism, the process of synthesizing larger molecules for maintenance and new cell generation

Answer 26

Anabolism

Question 27

waste products from the cell

Answer 27

Metabolites

Question 28

utilizable energy that is used in anabolism

Answer 28

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 29

Levels/Class of Cellular Reactions

Answer 29

Class I or Fueling Reactions: the nutrients are absorbed and some of the wastes are removed. Class II or Biosynthesis Reactions: formed higher or more complicated molecules. Class III or Polymerization Reactions: biopolymers are formed from monomer units from the Class II.