Translation Processes Flashcards
Borrowing
- a loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a source language and incorporated into a target language without translation
- borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be “foreign”
Borrowing
- examples
From French: abbatoire, café, passé and resumé
From German: schadenfreude, angst, hamburger and kindergarten
From Sanskrit: bandana, musk and sugar
Example: Borrowing
- on the Computer
am Computer
Calque
- calque or loan translation is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself
Calque
- examples
German to English:
- Masterpiece, beer garden, homesickness, wordview
English to German:
- Fußball, Wolkenkratzer, Teddybär
Example: Calque
- That doesn’t make any sense.
- Das macht keinen Sinn.
Literal Translation
- A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others, dependent on the sentence structure.
- Sometimes it works and sometimes it does not. A literal translation is a form of translation in which it is unnecessary to resort to lexical or structural ‘normalisations’ in order to produce a grammatically and stylistically acceptable target text.
Literal Translation
- example
German: umschreibt die Situation wie folgt
Englisch: describes the situation as follows
Transposition
- list
- class shifts
Intra-system shifts - substitiutions of a singular for a plural within the number system
- substitution of an active form for a passive form
- substitution of the present tense for a past tense
- substitution of zero article for the definite artive within the article system
Class-shifts
- Transposition
Class-shifts
Subtitution of a singular for a plural within the number system
- Transposition: intra-system shifts
Substitution of an active form for a passive form
- Transposition: intra-system shifts
Substitution of the present tense for a past tense
- Transposition: intra-system shifts
