Transplant + Immunology Basics Flashcards
(39 cards)
Transplantation is the process of…
Moving of living cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient - for the purpose of replacing recipient’s damaged or absent organ
The most common organs used for solid organ transplant include…
Kidneys, heart, liver, lungs
An autograft is…
A transplant “within the body” - self to self
An allograft is…
A transplant within 2 people of the same species
A xenograft is…
A transplant done within different species
Still experimental, heavy immune system barriers
Survival rates of transplants depends on…
The type of transplant done
ex: Kidney has much better survival rate than lung (lung requires more immunosuppression, exposed to external environment)
A notable factor about transplants and survival rates is that…
Organs cannot last forever
A workup for a transplant includes…
Evaluating patient for suitability for transplant - infection risk, ability to withstand surgery, etc.
If a patient is on the highly sensitized registry, this means that…
The patient is scanned whenever an organ becomes available to identify if the patient is a match
The purpose of immune system function is to…
Recognize + protect against infection by infection causing organisms
Recognition and destruction of cells with mutations
Cause cell injury + destruction to create inflammation and recruit furher immune system response
Recognition occurs via…
Proteins produced by ‘non-self’ organism - transplant organ
Signaling molecules created when inflammation is present
Components of the immune system involved in transplant include…
MHC/HLA
APC - B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
T + B lymphocytes
Major histocompatibility complex
Human leukocyte antigens
The purpose of MHC/HLA is to…
Distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ - glycoproteins expressed on nucleated cells and binds peptides + presents them at cell surface for inspection by T-cells of the immune system
MHC and HLA are used interchageably, but HLA is most specific for human
Antigen presenting cells are involved in transplant by…
Displaying HLA to host T-cells, causing antigen specific T-cell activation
T lymphocytes are involved in transplant by…
CD4 - recognizing MHC class 2, stimulating B + T cells
CD8 - recognize MHC class 1, kill infected cells
B lymphocytes are involved in transplant by…
Responsibility for antibody formation against the antigen
Class 1 HLA are proteins…
Subtypes are…
Present on most nucleated cells + platelets - primary target for t-lymphocyte reactions
HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C
Class II HLA are proteins…
Subtypes are…
Present on selective immunoreactive cells (macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, etc.)
HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ
Class III HLA proteins are…
Part of complement system - do not play a specific role in graft rejection
HLA genes are ____ and are genetically inherited as a…
Polymorphic - haplotype (different phenotypes, shared between parents)
The T-cell 3 signal model is important to understand…
Drug mechanisms of action
“Signal 1” of the T-cell 3 signal model is…
Recognition
APC presents MHC class II antigen to T-helper cell through T-cell receptor complex
Activates calcineurin pathway to generate IL-2
“Signal 2” of the T-cell 3 signal model is…
Activation of T-cells
Occurs with interaction of co-stimulatory molecules on surface of APC’s and T cells
“Signal 3” of the T-cell 3 signal model is…
Cell proliferation
IL-2 is released and binds to IL-2 receptor on T-cell, activating cell proliferation
