Transport Flashcards
Module 3 (40 cards)
1
Q
Describe the Open Circulatory system.
A
- Common among invertebrates
- The heart pumps blood - or as it is commonly known for the open circulatory system, hemolymph - into an open cavity called a hemocoel.
- The hemolymph mixes with interstitial fluid and sloshes around the hemocoel, bathing the internal organs and delivering nutrients and in some cases, gases such as oxygen.
- The hemolymph is pulsed throughout the body by muscle contractions.
- There are no arteries + veins to pump the hemolymph, so the blood pressure is low.
- Organisms with an open circulatory system typically have a relatively high volume of hemolymph and low blood pressure ( insects, spiders, prawns and most mollusks)
2
Q
Outline advantages of the Open Circulatory System
A
- Require less energy for distribution. This is suitable for animals that have a lower metabolism (i.e. less active in processes such as locomotion, digestion and respiration, is has need for less oxygen) and smaller body.
- Due to the absence of arteries, blood pressure remains low, and oxygen takes longer to reach the body cells.
- Since oxygenated blood takes more time to reach the extremities of the body, the open system is only feasible in small animals.
3
Q
Two main processes occur in closed respiratory system.
A
- Pulmonary circulation: transports deoxygenated blood into lungs for gas exchange (oxygen inhaled in)
- Systemic circulation: transports oxygenated blood away lungs and go through all parts of the body.
4
Q
Which types of animals possess closed circulatory system?
A
- Larger and more active animals, including vertebrates.
5
Q
Describe the speed and rate of blood transport in closed circulatory system.
A
- Bathing all tissues and organs with blood, the blood remains in vessels, then causes high pressure in blood transportation and from all extremities of the body at a rapid rate.
5
Q
Main function of circulatory systems are
A
- Gas exchange
- Hormone
- Nutrient distribution
- Waste elimination
6
Q
In a closed respiratory system, blood is directed through arteries to veins and to capillaries throughout the body.
A
Information
7
Q
Distinguish arteries, veins, and capillaries through their structures.
A
- Arteries:
+ Thick outer wall
+ Small lumen
+ Thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres - Veins:
+ Thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres
+ Large lumen
+ Fairly thin outer wall - Capillaries:
+ Very small lumen
+ Wall made of single layer of cell
8
Q
Describe valves occur in arteries, veins, and capillaries.
A
- Arteries + Capillaries: Absence
- Veins: possess to prevent backflow of blood
9
Q
Function of arteries
A
- Carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
10
Q
Function of capillaries
A
- Supply all cells with their requirements.
- Take away waste products.
10
Q
How structure fits function (Arteries)
A
- Strength and elasticity needed to withstand the pulsing of the blood, prevent bursting and maintain pressure waves.
- Helps to maintain high blood pressure, preventing blood flowing backwards.
11
Q
Function of veins
A
- Return blood to heart at low pressure
12
Q
How structure fits function (Capillaries)
A
- No need for strong walls, as most of the blood pressure has been lost
- Thin walls and narrow lumen bring blood into close contact with blood tissues, allowing diffusion of materials between capillary and surrounding tissues.
- White blood cells (leukocytes) can squeeze between cells of the wall.
13
Q
What contains in blood
A
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
- Platelets
- Plasma (water + some transported products)
13
Q
How structure fits function (Veins)
A
- No need for strong walls, as most of the blood pressure has been lost.
- Wide lumen offers less resistance to blood flow
14
Q
Function of blood in circulatory system.
A
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
15
Q
Describe plasma in blood
A
- Plasma is a “straw yellow” coloured fluid that transports dissolved nutrients and carbon dioxide. (55% of blood)
- Blood plasma is mostly water but also carries important proteins such as albumin which regulates blood volume/ pressure and antibodies (immunoglobulins) that help the immune system detect foreign substances and invaders.
16
Q
Describe platelets (thrombocytes) in blood.
A
- Cause blood clotting, the 0conversion of blood from a liquid to a semi-solid gel to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel.
- Make up less than 0.1% of blood.
16
Q
Describe red blood cells (erythrocytes) in blood
A
- RBC (erythrocytes) which contain a protein called haemoglobin that binds and transports oxygen in blood.
- Mature haemoglobins do not possess a nucleus and have a biconcave shape that increases the surface area.
- Humans have around 4-6 million RBCs (45% of blood)
16
Q
Which plants have vascular systems?
A
- Some vascular plants such as ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, …
17
Q
Describe white blood cells (leukocytes) in blood.
A
- WBCs are part of the immune system, which play an important role in removing foreign substances and pathogens; also remove old and damaged cells.
- WBCs make up about 0.7% of blood.
18
Q
Identify the transport tissues and their function in vascular plants.
A
- Xylem transports water and some mineral ions from roots
- Phloem transports sugar and other organic molecules up and down plants.
19
Q
Identify some non-vascular plants
A
- These are plants that don’t have a vascular system such as bryophytes (mosses, hornworts and liverworts)
20
Examples of animal without blood vascular system.
- Jellyfish
- Flatworms
21
Examples of animals with an open cardiovascular system.
- Humans
- Fish, mammals
21
Examples of animals with an open circulatory system.
- Arthropods (insects, ...)
- Molluscs (snails, ...)
21
Describe the pathway of blood through pulmonary circuit.
- Deoxygenated blood (from the **superior** and **inferior** vena cava) leaves the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
- The blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery (through the pulmonary valve) and then go into the lungs
- Then oxygenated blood returns back to the hurt through pulmonary veins into left atrium of the heart.
22
Describe the systemic circuit.
- Oxygenated blood leaves the body via left atrium -> left ventricle (via mitral valve) -> aorta (via aortic valve).
- From there, blood enters arteries and capillaries to where it supplies the body's tissues with oxygen.
- Deoxygenated blood returns via veins into vena cava, re-entering the heart via right atrium.
23
Describe the changes in the composition of blood through organs, and cells
- Blood passes through all organs and tissues, the concentration of oxygen decreases and the concentration of CO2 increases due to the process of respiration.
- Blood moves to the lungs, it gains oxygen via diffusion from the alveoli and removes carbon dioxide via diffusion.
- Nutrients (e.g. glucose, amino acid, ...) move out of blood when they enter other organs of the body.
- An increase in digestive end products (glucose + amino acid) occurs in the blood that has passed through an organ involved in absorbing digested food (e.g. small intestine). These products of digestion are directly transported into the liver.
24
Describe the change in blood composition when the blood travels through the stomach.
- Water diffuses into the blood, along with some substances such as alcohol.
- Fatty acids empty into the 'bloodstream' via the lymphatic system. The blood entering the heart has a high-fat level. This is then metabolised in liver
25
Describe the change in blood composition when the blood travels through the liver.
- Decreases digestive end products (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) since the liver is the centre of food metabolism.
- Glucose may be added or removed
- Urea is added to the blood when proteins are broken down and nitrogen removed.
- Toxins and substances such as alcohol are removed
- Some vitamins and iron are removed.
26
Describe changes in blood composition when blood travels through kidneys
- Urine is removed in high amounts here since kidneys filter nitrogenous wastes.
- The lowest percentage of nitrogenous wastes occurs here.
- Excess salts and water are also removed here.
27
Describe changes in blood composition when blood travels through large intestine
- Water, salts, vitamins are absorbed here
- Hormones are also added in via endocrine glands.
28
Name the combination of oxygen and haemoglobin.
- Oxyhaemoglobin
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