Transport and Gas Exchange 2

Question 1

Oxygenated

Answer 1

Blood with oxygen, pumped around the body, gets oxygen from the lungs in exchange for CO2, left side of the heart

Question 2

Deoxygenated

Answer 2

Blood without oxygen, after blood goes around the body it comes back to the heart without oxygen, pumps through the right side of the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated

Question 3

Right Atrium

Answer 3

Receives deox blood from the vena cava and pumps it through the right AV valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle

Question 4

Right Ventricle

Answer 4

Receives deox blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the right semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries

Question 5

Pulmonary Arteries

Answer 5

Receives deox blood from the right ventricle and pumps it to the lungs to exchange CO2 for O2

Question 6

Lungs (TRANSPORT)

Answer 6

Receives deox blood from the pulmonary arteries and oxygenates it then delivers it to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins

Question 7

Left Atrium

Answer 7

Receives ox blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it through the left av valve (bicuspid) into the left ventricle

Question 8

Left Ventricle

Answer 8

Receives ox blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the left semilunar value into the aorta

Question 9

Aorta

Answer 9

Receives ox blood from the left ventricle and pumps it around the body

Question 10

Systemic Circulation

Answer 10

Circulation of oxygenated blood

Question 11

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 11

Circulation of deoxygenated blood

Question 12

Coronary Arteries

Answer 12

branch off the aorta and directly supply the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose

Question 13

Myogenic

Answer 13

signal for cardiac contraction arises in the heart itself, it can contract and relax on it’s own

Question 14

SA Node

Answer 14

The pacemaker of the heart, in the right atrium of the heart. Starts heartbeat by generating an impulse which travels through the walls of the atria stimulating it to contract (top to bottom)

Question 15

AV Node

Answer 15

Impulse from SA Node reaches the junction in between the ventricles and atria stimulating the AV node to contract after it waits 0.1 seconds

Question 16

AV NODE 2

Answer 16

After waiting for 0.1 seconds the ndoe send a signal to through the walls of the ventricles causing them to contract from bottom to top which then pushes blood up and out to the arteries

Question 17

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 17

Controls the activation of heartbeats
If CO2 is too high the medulla sends a signal through the cranial nerve causing the SA Node to fire more frequently
If CO2 is normal it send a signal through the vagus nerve that causes the SA Node to fire less frequently

Question 18

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 18

SA through atria walls
atria contracts top to bottom
Impulse reaches junction between atria and ventricles
Activates AV Node (waits 0.1 seconds)
AV through walls of ventricles
ventricles contract bottom to top
pushes blood into arteries

Question 19

Systolic

Answer 19

When heart is contracting
blood flows into ventricles from atria until ventricles are almost full (70%) due to higher pressure in the atria
SA Node fires causing atria to contract and thus giving it higher pressure in order to fill ventricles to the max
AV Node fires after 0.1 seconds
The increase in ventricle pressure causes AV valve to close to prevent backflow

Question 20

Diastolic

Answer 20

When heart isn’t contracting
Large increase in ventricle pressure cayses semilunar valves to open and then blood flows away from the heart. increase in pressure from pulmonary arteries and aorta and decreases in the ventricles causing the semillunar valves to close
Blood then flows freely into the heart
And pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure in the artia causing the heartbeat to start again

Question 21

Arteries

Answer 21

High Pressure
Narrow Lumen
THICK 3 layer wall (prevent rupturing)
Middle layer is made of muscle and elastic fibers to allow it to maintain pressure and contract during pulses
Outer layer contains collagen to prevent rupturing

Question 22

Capillaries

Answer 22

Low pressure
Narrow diameter to increase SA/V Ratio
One cell thick walls for increase in diffusion rate cause of decresed difference
May contain pores and fenestrations to aid in material exchange

Question 23

Anthosclerosis

Answer 23

build up of plaque deposits in arteries
can lead to partial or complete occlusions (blockage)
Deposits cause increased blood pressure which in turn causes chronic swelling and damages the endothelial wall (rough hard walls reduces elasticity)
If plaque breaks off it can damage the artery walls and cause clots (thrombosis)

Question 24

Acute Myocardial Infraction

Answer 24

HEART ATTACK

Question 25

Coronary Heart Disease

Answer 25

EGGSODA | development of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, causes reduction in oxygen to the heart

Question 26

Respiration

Answer 26

The transport of oxygen to cells produces energy Ventilation Gas Exchange Cell Respiration

Question 27

Ventilation

Answer 27

The exchange of air between lungs and the atmosphere through breathing Driven by a negative pressure mechanism

Question 28

Gas Exchange

Answer 28

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and in the lungs through diffusion

Question 29

Cellular Respiration

Answer 29

The release of ATP (energy) from organic molecules aerobic respiration

Question 30

Trachea

Answer 30

Tube that allows air to travel in and out of the lungs to and from the atmosphere

Question 31

Lungs

Answer 31

Take in fresh air from the atmosphere and gid rid of carbon dioxide from blood

Question 32

Bronchi

Answer 32

Tubes (left and right) that carry air into the lungs from the trachea and out of the lungs

Question 33

Bronchioles

Answer 33

Smaller tubes that carry air to and from the alveoli, increases surface area

Question 34

Alveoli (TRIM)

Answer 34

Clusters of air sacs (increases SA) at the end of the bronchioles that carry out gas exchange (O2 and CO2) with the blood T: thin walls with a one epithelial cell thick wall to minimize diffusion distance R: rich capillary network surrounding each alveolus, maintains concentration gradient between lungs and blood for diffusion I: increased SA:V ratio, small spherical shape increases surface area while decreasing the volume M: moist, cells lining each alveolus secrete fluid that allows gases to dissolve and prevent the alveoli from sticking and collapsing

Question 35

Pneumocytes

Answer 35

Cells that line the insides of alveoli

Question 36

Type 1 Pneumocytes

Answer 36

flat (squamous) and extremely thin to minimize diffusion distance and increase surface area for gas exchange (DOESN'T DIVIDE)

Question 37

Type 2 Pneumocytes

Answer 37

cuboidal with granules, function is to secrete pulmonary surfactant (liquid substance that reduces surface tension) Ensures all alveoli expand at the same time and don't stick to or collapse on each other (DIVIDE TO MAKE TYPE 1 AND 2)

Question 38

Inspiration (Breathing in)

Answer 38

Diaphram muscles contract and external intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribs out and up Thoracic cavity volume and lung volume increase, the pressure in the lungs drops below atmospheric pressure causing air to rush in and neutralize the gradient

Question 39

Expiration (Breathing Out)

Answer 39

Diaphram muscles relax and abdominal wall muscles contract, external intercostal muscles relax (ribs fall), internal intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribs back down Thoracic cavity volume and lung volume decreases and pressure goes above atmospheric pressure causing air to rush out

Question 40

Emphysema

Answer 40

Chronic disease where the walls of the alveoli are damaged Healthy alveoli turn into large irregularly shaped structures with large holes Decrease in surface area and oxygen Causes: tobacco, marijuana, fumes, air pollution

Question 41

Lung Cancer

Answer 41

Malignant cells can take over healthy tissues of the bronchioles and alveoli then eventually spread (metastasize) to the brain/bones/liver/adrenal glands Lung tissues can become dysfunctional which can lead to internal bleeding, coughing up blood, wheezing, respiratory distress, and weight loss Causes: smoking, asbestos (carcinogens), air pollution, certain infections, genetics

Question 42

Ventilation Rate

Answer 42

Breaths per minute

Question 43

Tidal Volume

Answer 43

volume of air exchanged (taken in or out) with each breath

Question 44

Spirometer

Answer 44

Measures volume of gas inhaled/expelled per breath