Transport In Animals

Question 1

What is an open circulatory system?

Answer 1

Blood is not always in vessels

Question 2

What is the open body cavity called

Answer 2

Haemocoel- blood under low pressure and exchange takes place

Question 3

What is a closed circulatory system?

Answer 3

Blood in blood vessels- not in direct contact with cells

Question 4

What is a single closed circulatory system

Answer 4

Blood flows through heart and pumped to travel all around body before returning- passes through 2 sets of capillaries

Question 5

What do sort of system does a fish have?

Answer 5

Counter current system

Body weight supported by water and they don’t maintain their body temp, lowering metabolic demands

Question 6

What is a double circulatory system?

Answer 6

Two separate circulations
Blood pumped from heart to lungs and back
Then flows through heart and pumped to body and returns

Question 7

Describe the system of a single celled organism

Answer 7

Large SA:V
Direct diffusion
No blood

Question 8

Describe the system of an insect

Answer 8

Blood flows freely 
Blood bathed organs and muscles 
Blood carries amino acids, sugars ions 
Blood is greenish yellow 
Oxygen travels through spiracles

Question 9

Describe system of a fish

Answer 9

Blood in vessels 
Blood pumps once around body from heart to gills
Blood carries oxygen carbon dioxide 
Red due to haemoglobin 
Oxygen from hills to blood

Question 10

Describe system of human

Answer 10

Blood in vessels 
Double circulatory system 
Blood carries oxygen carbon dioxide 
Blood red die to haemoglobin 
Oxygen from lungs to blood

Question 11

What do arteries do

Answer 11

Carry oxygenated blood away from heart

Blood under higher pressure than veins

Question 12

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Answer 12

Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Question 13

Structure of arteries

Answer 13

Elastic fibres
Smooth muscle
Collagen
Small lumen

Question 14

What do elastic fibres do

Answer 14

Withstand force and stretch

RECOIL

Question 15

What are arterioles

Answer 15

Link arteries and capillaries

Have smooth muscles and less elastin than arteries

Question 16

What are capillaries

Answer 16

Link arterioles with venules
One cell thick
Site of exchange

Question 17

What are veins

Answer 17

Carry deoxygenated blood away from the body to heart 
Pressure lower 
Valves to stop backflow 
Collagen and little elastic fibre 
Wide lumen

Question 18

Where does deoxygenated blood travel

Answer 18

Venules
Veins
Inferior vena cava (lower body)
Superior vena cava (upper body)

Question 19

What are venules

Answer 19

Link capillaries and veins
Thin walls
Little smooth muscle

Question 20

Artery vs vein structure

Answer 20

Lumen- narrower
Tunica intima- thicker
Tunica media- thicker
Tunica externa- thinner

Question 21

Red blood cells name

Answer 21

Erythrocytes

Question 22

White blood cells name

Answer 22

Leucocytes

Question 23

Types of white blood cells

Answer 23

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Question 24

Composition of blood

Answer 24

55% plasma
40% erythrocytes
3.5% leucocytes
1.5% platelets

Question 25

Where do blood cells originate

Answer 25

Stem cells through haemopoiesis

Question 26

Describe erythrocytes

Answer 26

Biconcave disc (large SA:V) 120 days life span Made in bone marrow No nucleus

Question 27

Describe fluid formation

Answer 27

At the venule, inward osmotic pull exceeds outward hydrostatic pressure Filtered water returns to capillary from tissue fluid by osmosis

Question 28

Structure of mammalian heart

Answer 28

2 atria and 2 ventricles Deoxygenated blood from vena cava into right atrium Through atrioventricular valves into ventricles

Question 29

What do tendinous cords do

Answer 29

Prevent valves from turning inside out

Question 30

What keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate

Answer 30

Ventricular septum

Question 31

Where does deoxygenated blood leave the heart

Answer 31

Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lungs

Question 32

Where does oxygenated blood leave the heart

Answer 32

Left ventricle | Aorta

Question 33

Where are semilunar valves

Answer 33

Base of major arteries | Prevent backflow

Question 34

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right

Answer 34

Left pumps to body | Right pumps to lungs

Question 35

Cardiac cycle

Answer 35

Diastole Atrial systole Ventricular systole

Question 36

Late diastole

Answer 36

``` A & V relaxed AV valves open and SL valves closed PASSIVE FILLING 70% capacity Pressure causes AV to drift close Atria contract increasing pressure ACTIVE FILLING AV valves shut a relax then enter V systole Pressure in A and PA, SL valves open ```

Question 37

Ventricular systole

Answer 37

Isometric ventricular contraction- vol of blood constant but pressure rises When pressure exceeds that in the Aorta and PA, SL valves open and blood ejected

Question 38

Describe the heart

Answer 38

Myogenic

Question 39

Conduction through the heart

Answer 39

Wave of depolarisation (electrical impulses from SA node) Impulses spread across atria- they contract Impulses reach border between A and V blocked by non-conducting tissue Impulses pass through AV node to reach V, creating AV delay which allows atria to complete contraction before V contracts

Question 40

Too fast heartbeat

Answer 40

Tachycardia

Question 41

Too spaced out

Answer 41

Bradycardia

Question 42

Extra beat in heartbeat

Answer 42

Ectopic best

Question 43

Waves in an ECG

Answer 43

``` P Q R S T ```

Question 44

Describe the effect of the wave of excitation on the heart

Answer 44

Atria contract and initiate heartbeat Electrical signals picked up by AVN and stimulates bundles of HIS and excitation travels to apex where signals spread out and ventricles contract

Question 45

What does haemoglobin do

Answer 45

Associates oxygen when O2 concentrations high and dissociates the gas when O2 contractions low O2 PARTIAL PRESSURE

Question 46

What is haemoglobin

Answer 46

Conjugated protein that displays quaternary structure

Question 47

What influences the dissociation curve for haemoglobin

Answer 47

Temperature pH CO2 concentration Curve goes right

Question 48

Myoglobin vs haemoglobin

Answer 48

Higher affinity for O2

Question 49

3 ways of transportation of CO2

Answer 49

5% carried in plasma as carbonic acid H2CO3 which reacts with water to form carbonic anhydrase 10% haemoglobin amino acids combine with CO2 to form carbaminohaemoglobin 85% converted into hydrogen carbonate ions HCO3-

Question 50

How many molecules of oxygen does haemoglobin combine with?

Answer 50

4 molecules

Question 51

Cooperativity

Answer 51

When the first haem group combines with oxygen, the affinity of the second game group for oxygen increases and so on

Question 52

What is it called when there is inward diffusion of Cl- ions

Answer 52

Chloride shift- maintains neutrality

Question 53

What is it called when the dissociation is increased by the presence of CO2

Answer 53

Bohr Shift

Question 54

When H+ ions combine with haemoglobin what is formed

Answer 54

Haemoglobinic acid

Question 55

Differences between tissue fluid & blood

Answer 55

Tissue Fluid- no red blood cells, low pressure, no platelets | Blood- red blood cells, higher pressure, platelets

Question 56

in the human heart, what causes the 'lub' sound

Answer 56

closing of the atrioventricular valves

Question 57

describe the mechanism behind water movement between plasma and tissue at the venule end of a capillary

Answer 57

the oncotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure so water moves into the capillary