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Biology > Transport In Animals - Module 3 > Flashcards

Transport In Animals - Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 reasons why animals needs transport systems

A
  1. We are large organisms - diffusion will not provide what we need
  2. Small surface area to volume ratio, inner cells wont be provided with what they need
  3. We have a high metabolic rate, we require lots of energy for respiration
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2
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

Blood only passes through the heart once per cycle

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3
Q

What type of circulatory system do fish have? And why?

A

Single closed system - this is because their energy levels are lower and a temperature doesn’t need to be maintained

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4
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

When the blood passes through the heart twice per circuit

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5
Q

What are the two circuits in a double circulatory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary system - carries deoxygenated blood to lungs to pick up oxygen
  2. Cardiac cycle - takes oxygenated blood to tissues
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6
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Where blood is not always contained in vessels but rather circulates through the body cavity

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7
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood remains in vessels

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8
Q

What kind of circulatory system to insects have?

A

Open circulatory system

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9
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?

A
  1. Quick blood flow dies to pressure form heart
  2. Blood pressure to tissues can be increased without increasing pressure through delicate lungs
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10
Q

Describe the function and structure of the arteries

A

Arteries Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues

  • high blood pressure
  • thick muscular walls
  • small lumen

The walls of the artery contain collagen, elastin and smooth muscle

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11
Q

What is different about the pulmonary artery?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of the veins

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood from tissues back to the heart

  • low blood pressure
  • thin walls
  • large lumen
  • valves to prevent back flow of blood
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13
Q

What is different about the pulmonary vein?

A

The pulmonary vein carried oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of the capillaries

A

The capillaries allow exchange between blood and tissue as well as linking veins to arteries

  • thin walls
  • walls are made of flattened endothelium
  • lumen Is narrow, 1 erythrocyte wide allowing time for diffusion by slowing blood flow down
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15
Q

What are 2 adaptations of the capillaries?

A
  1. Large surface area for diffusion
  2. Short diffusion distance
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16
Q

Why is it useful that capillaries are only 1 erythrocyte wide?

A

It slows blood flow down meaning more time for gaseous exchange

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17
Q

What is the calculation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

18
Q

What 3 ways is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A
  1. Dissolved in blood
  2. Combined with haemoglobin as carbominohaemoglobin
  3. As hydrogen carbonate ions
19
Q

How does carbon dioxide for hydrogen carbonate ions to travel in the blood?

A
  1. Carbon dioxide will react with water to form carbonic acid
    CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
  2. The carbonic acid will release H+ protons forming HCO3- ions as it dissociates
    It binds with haemoglobin forming haemoglobinic acid
  3. The HCO3- ions move out of the erythrocyte by diffusion so Cl- diffuse into the erythrocyte to balance the charge, known as chloride shift
20
Q

What is chloride shift?

A

When chloride ions move into erythrocyte to balance the charge of the cell as HCO3- ions move out of the cell

21
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries and where are they located?

A

The coronary arteries is to provide oxygen to the heart tissues for respiration and they are located on the exterior surface of the heart

22
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in the blood?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

23
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

Carry blood from artery into capillary

24
Q

Why are the collagen and elastic layers of the arterioles thinner than those in the artery?

A

Because the blood pressure is lower so the arterioles doesn’t have to withstand as much pressure

25
Q

Why is the muscle layer of an arterioles thicker than that in the artery?

A

Because it controls the blood flow through the capillaries

26
Q

What happens when the smooth muscle layer of the arterioles contracts?

A

Vasoconstriction occurs and blood flow to capillaries is reduced

27
Q

What happens when the smooth muscle layer of the arterioles dilates?

A

Vasodilation occurs and blood flow to capillaries is increased

28
Q

When does vasodilation occur?

A

When the body’s oxygen requirements increase

29
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

The fluid that passes out of the blood in the capillaries and baths tissue cells

30
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

CELLS
- rbc
- wbc
- platelets

PLASMA
- glucose
- oxygen
- ions
- plasma proteins

31
Q

Where does tissue fluid move out of the capillary?

A

The arterial end

32
Q

Why is tissue fluid forced out of capillary at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

Because the hydrstatic pressure is higher can the oncotic pressure so the tissues fluid is forced out

33
Q

Which end of the capillary does tissue fluid move into the capillary?

A

The venous end

34
Q

Why does tissue fluid move back into the capillary at the venous end?

A

Because the hydrostatic pressure is now lower than the oncotic pressure allowing it to move back in my osmosis

35
Q

What happens to tissue fluid that doesn’t get reabsorbed by the blood?

A

It moves into lymph nodes
(Google this topic)

36
Q

Why is the heart myogenic?

A

It initiates its own heart beat

37
Q

What does carbon dioxide do the oxygen disassociation curve?

A

Carbon dioxide shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right - this is known as the Bohr effect

38
Q

What does carbon dioxide do to haemoglobin affinity for oxygen?

A

Decreases haemoglobin affinity for oxygen to decrease

39
Q

What is different about fetal haemoglobin?

A

It has a higher affinity for oxygen

40
Q

Why can’t fetal haemoglobin have a really increased affinity for oxygen?

A

Because if oxygen affinity was too increased it would stop haemoglobin from depositing oxygen to the tissues

41
Q

What happens to oxygen affinity as partial pressure of oxygen increases?

A

Oxygen affinity increases as the structure of haemoglobin changes to make it easier

42
Q

Why is it difficult for the 4th oxygen to bind to haemoglobin?

A

It is difficult as there is only 1 binding site left meaning there is less chance of a successful collision

Biology (26 decks)

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