Transport in Humans and Animals

Question 1

Why do unicellular organism not require a transport system

Answer 1

• They have a large total surface area to volume ratio

- They obtain nutrients and gases via simple diffusion.

Question 2

What are ostium?

Answer 2

-tiny openings to allow haemolymph in haemocoel to flow back into the heart

Question 3

Explain the type of circulatory system insects have

Answer 3

• open circulatory system
• heart contracts –> haemolymph is pumped and flows into haemocoel –> haemolymph bathes the cells and gases and nutrients exchange via simple diffusion –> heart relax –> haemolymph flows into heart through the ostium

Question 4

How many chambers does a fish have? What are they?

Answer 4

• 2 chmabers

- 1 atrium, 1 ventricle

Question 5

Why does fish have single circulatory system?

Answer 5

• Blood flows in 1 direction

Question 6

Deoxygenated blood flows from ____ to the gill cappilaries in fish

Answer 6

ventricle

Question 7

what makes up the pulmocutaneous system in amphibiansa?

Answer 7

• lung cappilaries

- skin

Question 8

Explain the clood circulatory system in amphibians

Answer 8

• imcomplete double circulatory system bcoz oxgenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed
• heart consists of 2 atria, 1 ventricle
• deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium –> ventricle contracts to pump deO2 blood out of heart to pulmocutaneous circulation –> gaseous exchange occurs –> O2 blood flows into left atrium of the heart –> ventricle contracts to pump O2 blood out of heart to the systemic circulation –> gaseous exchange occurs.

Question 9

What is the function of pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery?

Answer 9

• pulmonary vein: transports O2 blood from lung cap. to heart
• pulmonary artery: transports deO2 blood from heart to lungs

Question 10

Define blood

Answer 10

type of connective tissue made of 55% blood plasma , 45% cell components

Question 11

Cardiac muscles are said to be ______ because they ________.

Answer 11

myogenic ; do not require stimulus by nerve impulses from central nervous system to continue beating

Question 12

What is the function of tricuspid valve?

Answer 12

Ensure deO2 blood flows from right atrium to right ventricle without backflow.

Question 13

what is the function of superior vena cava?

Answer 13

transport deO2 blood from heart to lungs

Question 14

give examples of plasma proteins

Answer 14

• fibrinogen : blood clotting mechanism
• albumin : control blood osmotic pressure
• globulin: type of antibody

Question 15

Explain 3 characteristics of red blood cell

Answer 15

• no nucleus: to contain more haemoglobin
• biconcave disc shape: increase TSA/V for gaseous exchange
• elastic plasma membrane: enables it to move across narrow blood vessels

Question 16

how any O2 combine qith one haemoglobin

Answer 16

four

Question 17

where is RBC formed

Answer 17

bone marrow

Question 18

Name 3 types of granulocytes

Answer 18

• neutrophil
• basophil
• eosinophil

Question 19

Which leucocyte is in charge of allergy reactions?

Answer 19

basophill

Question 20

What is the function of eosinophill

Answer 20

prevent blood clotting

Question 21

Explain the characteriscis and functions of monocyte

Answer 21

• largest leucocyte
• spherical-shaped nucleus
• undergoes phagocytosis

Question 22

State 2 differences between vein and artery

Answer 22

Vein : Artery
has valve : no valve
large lumen : small lumen
thin,

Question 23

why is blood flowing in the artery under high pressure

Answer 23

due to the pumping force of the heart

Question 24

the heartbeatis coordinated by the ______

Answer 24

pacemaker

Question 25

what is the sequence in the heartbeat mechanism? Name the parts

Answer 25

sinoartrial node --> atrias -->atrioventricular node --> bundle of his --> purkinje fibres --> ventricle wal

Question 26

Where is the Bundle of His located?

Answer 26

apex of the heart

Question 27

what happens when SA node is stimulated?

Answer 27

- atriums contract | - blood flows into ventricle

Question 28

When is the 'lub' sound produced?

Answer 28

- ventricle contracts - semilunar valves opens - bicuspid & tricuspid valve closes

Question 29

Why does a person who stands too long faint?

Answer 29

- less contraction of skeletal muscle | - O2 blood cannot circulate to brain efficiently

Question 30

What is thrombokinase?

Answer 30

An activator to convert prothrombin into thrombin

Question 31

What are the components of thrombokinase?

Answer 31

- coagulated plateletes - dead cells - clotting factors

Question 32

Relate thrombokinase, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.

Answer 32

- Thrombokinase converts prothrombin into thrombin - Thrombin acts as an enzyme which converts fibrinogen into fibrin - Fribrin is a thread like protein fibre which forms a mesh which can trap more RBC to close the wound

Question 33

what are platelet plugs?

Answer 33

- sticky platelets caused by action of clotting factors | - stops blood loss in small cuts

Question 34

Why might blood clots in blood vessels cause heart attack?

Answer 34

- Blood clot in coronary artery prevents blood flow - Cardiac muscles lack O2 - Cardiac muscles contract and relax excessively to pump more blood --> Heart attack occurs

Question 35

Why is it important that blood compatibality is ensured before blood transfusion?

Answer 35

- Blood which is incompatible can cause agglutination in the receipients' bloodstream - might lead to death

Question 36

What is Rh + blood?

Answer 36

RBC which has antigen D

Question 37

Explain how artherosclerosis happens.

Answer 37

- plaque is formed and deposited on the arterial wall - clogs and narrow the lumen of artery - restricts blood flow

Question 38

What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

Answer 38

arterio : athero deposit of plaque : deposit of calcium narrows the lumen of artery : artery loses elasticity

Question 39

What is the importance of human lymphatic system?

Answer 39

- maintain balance of fluid in the body - transport fat soluble nutrients to the blood stream - Produce and store lymphocyte - Protect the body against infectious diseases

Question 40

Why must interstitial fluid be returned to the blood circulatory system

Answer 40

- to maintain normal blood volume | - to prevent accumulation of interstitial fluid in intercellular spaces --> oedema

Question 41

The thoracic duct receives lymph from where?

Answer 41

- left side of head, neck & chest | - whole body

Question 42

What is the importance of lymph nodes?

Answer 42

Store lymphocytes which produces antibodies for the body's immune system to fight against pathogens

Question 43

What lyph vessel is present in the digestive tract?

Answer 43

lacteals

Question 44

name 2 main lymphatic vessels

Answer 44

Right lymphatic duct | Thoracic duct

Question 45

WHere are antibodies produced?

Answer 45

spleen

Question 46

How does lymph flow?

Answer 46

- contraction of skeletal muscles - change in pressure during breathing - peristalsis in digestive tract - heartbeat pulse

Question 47

What are the difference between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph?

Answer 47

- BP : plasma and cell components - Tissue F : plasma without RBC, plasma proteins, plateletes - lymph : lipid, Tissue f. contents, lymphocytes

Question 48

Why must lipid soluble nutrients diffuse into lacteals?

Answer 48

- Lipid soluble nutrients are too large to diffuse into blood cap. - Epithelial cells of lacteals are not closely arranged end to end There are small openings to allow lipid soluble nutrients to diffuse across.