Transportation, Economy, and Society

Question 1

Transportation development ushers ____ & encourages
_____ in an area. The development of transportation systems is
embedded within the scale and context in which they take place.

Answer 1

economic improvements
urbanization

Question 2

Regulation, Deregulation, and Privatization = towards ___

Answer 2

transport efficiency

Question 3

Transport as a universal good: man is dependent on it
1.
2.
3.

Answer 3

To manage complex pattern of mobility
Manage the negative externalities of transport
Security (recent)

Question 4

___ is involved in the overall regulation and management of transport activities
because the conditions rarely exist for an entirely free market in transport to function

Answer 4

State

Question 5

• No accepted, or straightforward, definition: legal mechanisms
• depends on the level of aggregation and the country of origin.
• The social basis of ____ is often justified on the basis of an economic rationale.

Answer 5

REGULATION

Question 6

____ seeks to promote both efficiency and equity

Answer 6

Regulation

Question 7

• Self-regulation
• Free competition is sufficient to ensure efficiency of markets
• Regulation is to ensure free competition

Competition where possible, regulation only when necessary

Answer 7

Neo-Liberals

Question 8

• Free markets as neither natural nor desirable
• Markets are created by governments, ordered by institutions, sustained by
  regulations
• Regulation is the very definition of the market
• Regulation & Competition are complements rather than alternatives

Answer 8

Social-Institutional

Question 9

Holy trinity of any regulatory framework:

Answer 9

• Compliance: lifeblood of regulation
• Legitimacy: only thru democratic process
• Trust: thru shared norms & repeated contacts

Question 10

_____ of the state’s existing functions was taking place as privatization and
deregulation significantly curtailed the public provision of services.

Answer 10

Hollowing out

Question 11

The process of_____ – the introduction of new and different state functions to
replace old ones being discontinued – was always in evidence

Answer 11

filling in

Question 12

______ should not be interpreted as a simple
reduction of state intervention and control, but rather, they are part
of a broader process of state restructuring which incorporates elements
of both deregulation and re-regulation as established modes of organizations are dismantled and new ones established. (Peck, 2001).

Answer 12

Privatization and deregulation

Question 13

involve commercial contracts between public authorities (state or local) and private
businesses in the design, construction, financing and operation of public infrastructure and services that have traditionally been delivered by the public sector.

Answer 13

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTICIPATION

Question 14

• Framework that – while engaging private sector – acknowledge & structure the role
  of gov’t in ensuring that social obligations are met & successful sector reforms &
  public investments are achieved
• Allocates tasks, obligations and risks in an optimal way
• Allocate risks to partners who are best able to manage those risks & thus minimize
  costs while improving performance

Answer 14

PPPs

Question 15

• contracts transfer obligations to the private sector rather than emphasizing
  opportunity for partnership
• Backlash led to legitimate public concerns, thus PPPs

Answer 15

PSP (Private Sector Participation)

Question 16

• Involves the sale of ownership in a company or operating assets by the public sector
• Often accompanied by sector-specific regulatory arrangements to take account of social & policy concerns

Answer 16

Privatization

Question 17

Common Characteristics of PPPs

Answer 17

• Long contract duration, fixed term (50 yrs)
• Financing comes in part from the private sector, but requires payments from the
  public sector and/or users over the lifetime of the project
• An attempt to distribute risks between the public partner and the private partner according to the respective ability of the parties to assess, control and cope with
  them.

Question 18

• BOT :
• BOT :
• BOO:
• BOOT:
• BLT:
• BTO:
• BT:
• CAO:
• DBFO:
• DOT:
• ROT:
• ROT :
• ROO:

Answer 18

• BOT : Build, Operate, Transfer
• BOT : Build, Own, and Transfer
• BOO: Build, Own, Operate
• BOOT: Build, Own, Operate, & Transfer
• BLT: Build, Lease, Transfer
• BTO: Build, Transfer, Operate
• BT: Build, Transfer
• CAO: Contract, Add, Operate
• DBFO: Design, Build, Finance, & Operate
• DOT: Develop, Operate, Transfer
• ROT: Rehabilitate, Operate, Transfer
• ROT : Rehabilitate, Own, and Transfer
• ROO: Rehabilitate, Own, Operate

Question 19

contractual arrangement whereby the proponent
undertakes the construction, including financing of a given infrastructure facility and the
operation and maintenance thereof. The proponent operates the facility over a fixed term during which it is allowed to charge facility users appropriate tolls, fees, rentals and charges

Answer 19

BUILD-OPERATE-TRANSFER

Question 20

a contractual arrangement whereby the proponent undertakes the financing and construction of a given infrastructure or development facility and after its completion turns it over to the government agency or local government unit concerned which shall pay the proponent on an agreed schedule its total investment expended on the project plus a reasonable rate of return thereon.

Answer 20

BUILD AND TRANSFER

Question 21

a contractual arrangement whereby a proponent is
authorized to finance ,construct, own, operate and maintain an infrastructure or development facility from which the proponent is allowed to recover its total investment, operating and
maintenance costs plus a reasonable return

Answer 21

BUILD-OWN-AND-OPERATE

Question 22

a contractual arrangement whereby a proponent is authorized to finance and construct an infrastructure or development facility and upon its completion turns it over to the government agency or local government unit concerned on a lease arrangement for a fixed period after which the ownership of the facility is automatically transferred to the government agency or local government concerned.

Answer 22

BUILD-LEASE-TRANSFER

Question 23

a contractual arrangement whereby the proponent adds to an existing infrastructure facility which it is renting from the government. It operates the expanded project over an agreed franchise period

Answer 23

CONTRACT-ADD-OPERATE

Question 24

a contractual arrangement whereby favorable conditions external to a new infrastructure project which is to be built by a private project proponent are integrated into the arrangement by giving that entity the right to develop adjoining property and thus enjoy some of the benefits the investment create

Answer 24

DEVELOP-OPERATE-TRANSFER

Question 25

a contractual arrangement whereby an existing facility is turned over to the private sector to refurbish, operate and maintain for a franchise period

Answer 25

REHABILITATE-OPERATE-TRANSFER

Question 26

contractual arrangement whereby an existing facility is turned over to the private sector to refurbish and operate with no time limitation imposed on ownership.

Answer 26

REHABILITATE-OWN-TRANSFER

Question 27

Benefits of a BOT Scheme

Answer 27

* Alternative source of financing * No investment cost to LGUs * Offers proper allocation of risks * Better and reliable service and consistent supply * Project sustainability * New technology and skills

Question 28

* built in 1996 by the Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC) a private consortium under a Build-Lease-Transfer (BLT) agreement * MRTC entitled them to receive equity rentals over a period of twenty five (25) years. * The loans are backed by a sovereign undertaking of the government, as agreed with the DOF, to share risks with investors and credits. * As with regards to the operation of MRT 3, the government has been subsidizing portions of their operational cost which could not be sufficiently covered by their revenues.

Answer 28

MRT line 3

Question 29

Motivation for engagement in a PPP

Answer 29

* Mobilization of Private Capital * Tool for greater Efficiency * Catalyst for broader sectoral reform

Question 30

The most dramatic trend in urban travel during the 20th century has been the rise in ______

Answer 30

car ownership and use

Question 31

1st major surge occurred in 1920s in the USA with ______, the first car mass produced and sold at a price affordable to working-class households.

Answer 31

Henry Ford’s Model T

Question 32

The _____ is positively correlated with ____ or income levels (Small, 1992): hence as real income increases over time, the demand for faster modes of travel also increases.

Answer 32

value of time wage rates

Question 33

____ is the ease of movement between places.

Answer 33

Accessibility

Question 34

___ in Propensity for interaction = ____cost of movement

Answer 34

Increase, Decrease

Question 35

It is a function both of spatial structure and of the transportation system. * ____ is used to describe the spatial distribution of activity sites with respect to a given location.

Answer 35

Accessibility

Question 36

For any given _____, mobility increases with the supply of transportation services available and the ability to use or purchase these services.

Answer 36

land-use distribution

Question 37

Activity-based models of travel demand ______: Models of population segments _______: Models of individuals or households

Answer 37

AGGREGATE MODELS DISAGGREGATE MODELS

Question 38

______ seek to capture the complex process of choosing a set of daily activities and their location, timing and sequencing.

Answer 38

Activity-based models

Question 39

Disaggregate research is ___

Answer 39

trip-based

Question 40

Focuses on the interplay of space and time

Answer 40

Hagerstrand’s Model

Question 41

3 categories of time and space constraints affecting activity patterns

Answer 41

Capability Constraints Coupling constraints Authority constraints

Question 42

describes the limits of the physical system, the transportation technology available and the fact that one can only be in one place at a given time.

Answer 42

Capability Constraints

Question 43

describe the schedule dependences of activities, such as the hours of operation of stores, or an individual’s work schedule.

Answer 43

Coupling constraints

Question 44

describe the legal, social or political limitations placed on access, such as the age requirement for a driver’s license

Answer 44

Authority constraints

Question 45

* Car ownership is significantly related to _____ * As economic well-being improves in lower income countries, car ownership will also increase. * The greatest dispersion of car ownership rates is found among the higher-income countries. * World’s poorer countries perform worst on most measures of transport availability, use & investment.

Answer 45

per-capita income

Question 46

* Travel patterns within countries are highly varied, yet the same general trend of increasing car use is evident. * Trend of increasing car use is obvious, but the rate of increase varies greatly. * Increased car use has come at the expense of both public transport and non-motorized travel, depending on the urban area. * Rising car ownership is illustrated by the decrease in the number of households with no vehicles and increase in households with more than one vehicles. * Public-transport use has continued to lose market share. * Another trend is an increase in trip distances. * The purpose of trip-making has changed in that work trip constitutes a declining share of all travel, in terms of both trips and travel distance. * Declining share of work trips has taken place despite increased labor-force participation rates.

Answer 46

erm

Question 47

Rise in car use and decline in other modes can be attributed to the following:

Answer 47

1. RISING AFFLUENCE 2. CHANGING HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE 3. LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY WOMEN 4. CHANGING LAND USE PATTERNS

Question 48

Major trend in shifting land-use is due to decentralization, made possible by suburbanization. * Large scale population _____ is followed by large-scale employment decentralization and emergence of agglomeration sites * _____ has been accompanied by dispersion

Answer 48

suburbanization Decentralization

Question 49

* Car provides unprecedented levels of mobility. * Rising car use has been supported by larger __________and favored employment as well as population decentralization. * As _______ become more complementary to car use, other modes of transport has become less competitive. * The social, environmental, and financial consequences of increasing reliance to car use has significant effects.

Answer 49

economic trends that has increased per-capita income decentralization advances and land-use patterns

Question 50

ECONOMIC FORCES AFFECTING DECENTRALIZATION:

Answer 50

* Rising per capita income * Economic restructuring * Changing in economic structure * Improvements in ICT