Transporting Materials

Question 1

What is a transport system?

Answer 1

A system for transporting substances around a multicellular organism

Question 2

What is the function of valves in the heart?

Answer 2

To prevent the backflow of blood

Question 3

Which side of the heart does the blood enter first?

Answer 3

The right

Question 4

What does the right side/pump of the heart do?

Answer 4

Force deoxyginated blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide

Question 5

What does the left pump/side of the heart do?

Answer 5

Pump the blood around the rest of the body once it has been oxygenated in the lungs

Question 6

Describe the structure of the heart and what each part does

Answer 6

• Vena cava brings deoxygenated blood to the heart
• Atria recieve blood from vena cava on right and pulmonary vein on left
• Atria contract to move blood into lower chambers - ventricles
• Ventricles then contract to force blood into pulmonary artery on right side and aorta on the left.
• Valves prevent backflow
• The heart muscle is supplied with oxygenated bllod via the coronary arteries

Question 7

Draw and label a diagram of the heart

Answer 7

1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary artery
5. Pulmonary vein
6. Left atrium
7. Left ventricle
8. Aorta

Question 8

What are the three main vessels that carry blood around the body?

Answer 8

Veins, arteries, and capillaries

Question 9

Describe arteries

Answer 9

• Thick walls
• Small lumen (hole)
• Thick layers of muscle and elastic fibre
• Carry blood away from the heart

Question 10

Describe veins

Answer 10

• Large lumen
• Relatively thin walls
• Often have valves to prevent backflow

Question 11

Describe capillaries

Answer 11

• Tiny vessel with a narrow lumen
• Walls a single cell thick
• Carry blood through organs and allow exchange of substances with all the living cells in the body

Question 12

What happens if the blood vessels are blocked or too narrow?

Answer 12

The blood will not flow efficiently

Then organs will be deprived of nutrients and oxygen

Question 13

What are stents and what do they do?

Answer 13

Metal mesh placed in an artery and used to open it up through the inflation of a tiny balloon

Question 14

When are stents particularly beneficial?

Answer 14

When coronary arteries become narrowed due to fatty deposits, cutting off the blood supply to the heart muscle

Question 15

What might leaky valves cause and how can this be fixed?

Answer 15

Can cause blood to flow in the wrong direction

Artificial or animal valves can be inserted in the heart to replace damaged valves

Question 16

What is blood?

Answer 16

A tissue

Question 17

What is plasma?

Answer 17

The clear, yellow part of the blood which carries dissolves substances and blood cells around the body

Question 18

What does blood plasma transport?

Answer 18

• Carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs
• Soluble products of digestion from the small intestine to other organs
• Urea from the liver to the kindeys where urine is made

Question 19

Describe red blood cells

Answer 19

• Contain the red pigment haemoglobin
• Bioconcave discs
• Do not have a nucleus
• Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs
• Carry the oxygen to all organs where oxyhaemoglobin splits into haemoglobin and oxygen

Question 20

Describe white blood cells

Answer 20

• Have a nucleus
• Form part of the body’s defence system against microorganisms

Question 21

Describe platelets

Answer 21

• Small fragments of cells
• Do not have a nucleus
• Help blood clot at site of a wound

Question 22

What does the plasma contain?

Answer 22

White blood cells

Red blood cells

Platelets

Question 23

What type of reaction is the reaction between oxygen and haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 23

A reversible reaction

Question 24

Why is plasma given to patients?

Answer 24

In an emergency to increase blood volume when a lot of blood has been lost

Question 25

How can blood from donors be seperated and what must be done to this blood?

Answer 25

It can be seperated into cells and plasma It must be refrigerated. Some blood products can be frozen

Question 26

What are perfluorocarbons and why might they be used?

Answer 26

Artificial blood Do not need to be refridgerated and do not contain cells so blood matching is not necessary

Question 27

What are the disadvantages of artificial blood?

Answer 27

* Expensive * Does not carry as much oxygen aw whole blood * Some types are insoluble in water so do not mix well with blood * Can cause unpleasant side-effects

Question 28

What are the advantages of artificial hearts?

Answer 28

They do not need to match the person's tissue There is no need for immunosuppressant drugs

Question 29

What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?

Answer 29

Problems with blood clotting Longs stays in hospital Expensive

Question 30

What type of plants have transport systems?

Answer 30

Flowering ones

Question 31

What does the xylem tissue do?

Answer 31

Transports **water and mineral ions from the roots** to the stem, leaves, and flowers ## Footnote *(Phloem for food, xylem for mineral ions + water)*

Question 32

What is the movement of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves called?

Answer 32

The transpiration **stream**

Question 33

What does the ploem tissue do?

Answer 33

Carries dissolves **sugars from the leaves** to the rest of the plant, including the forwing regions and storage organs ## Footnote *(Phloem for food, xylem for mineral ions + water)*