Trauma

Question 1

What are some of the possible threatening events that could cause PTSD?

Answer 1

Natural disasters, accidents, sexual assaults, terrorist attacks, war, work related trauma

Question 2

What % of people experience a traumatic event in their lifetime?

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

What % of people go on to develop PTSD after experiencing a trauma?

Answer 3

5-10%

Question 4

According to the readings, what are the most common psychological interventions fro PTSD?

Answer 4

Trauma focused CBT / eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing

Question 5

According to the DSM5, what is criteria A, for PTSD?

Answer 5

Exposure to a traumatic event (actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation)

Question 6

According to the DSM5, what is criteria B, for PTSD?

Answer 6

Intrusion symptoms (re-living and re-experiencing)

Question 7

According to the DSM5, what is criteria C, for PTSD?

Answer 7

Avoidance

Question 8

According to the DSM5, what is criteria D, for PTSD?

Answer 8

Negative alterations in cognition and mood

Question 9

According to the DSM5, what is criteria E, for PTSD?

Answer 9

Alterations in arousal and reactivity

Question 10

According to the DSM5, what is criteria F, for PTSD?

Answer 10

Duration of more than 1 month

Question 11

According to the DSM5, what is criteria G, for PTSD?

Answer 11

Functional significance

Question 12

According to the DSM5, what is criteria H, for PTSD?

Answer 12

Attribution (not due to substances)

Question 13

What are flashbacks?

Answer 13

Vivid experiences which relive aspects of the trauma / incorporates the senses

Question 14

What is complex PTSD?

Answer 14

When exposure to a trauma has been prolonged

Question 15

What is the lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

Answer 15

6-9%

Question 16

What can lead to an increased risk of developing PTSD?

Answer 16

Female / low SES / pre-existing MH / ethnic minority / low social support / severity of exposure / interpersonal trauma’s

Question 17

What was the solution to the Cognitive Model of PTSD?

Answer 17

People remember a trauma in the here and now / in a way that poses a current threat

Question 18

What is the role of the amygdala in PTSD?

Answer 18

The amygdala is the system which triggers adrenaline and gets our body ready for fight or flight / can’t discriminate between real and perceived threat / amygdala functions when just thinking about the trauma

Question 19

What is the role of the hippocampus in PTSD?

Answer 19

Fails to time stamp and file away memories due to the overactivity of the amygdala / traumatic memories are relived as they aren’t time tagged

Question 20

What are the key features of trauma memories?

Answer 20

Come to mind uninvited / vivid / accompanied by senses

Question 21

What analogy is used for working with trauma memories?

Answer 21

Wardrobe analogy

Question 22

How does the wardrobe analogy explain working with trauma memories?

Answer 22

Need to to take the duvet out / might sting / easier with help / fold it up properly / store it away

Question 23

What things contribute to the feeling of a current threat, in Ehlers and Clarks (2000) model?

Answer 23

Negative appraisal of the trauma / disturbances of autobiographical memories / prevented elaboration of contextualisation of memories

Question 24

What is the key aim in preventing memories form posing as a current threat, in the cognitive model?

Answer 24

To process the trauma so that it is seen as time limited

Question 25

What are the NICE guidelines for treating PTSD?

Answer 25

No help should be given until after 4 weeks - not interfering with the natural process

Question 26

What are the preferences for treatment of PTSD?

Answer 26

Cognitive processing therapy / cognitive therapy / narrative exposure therapy / prolonged exposure therapy / EDMR

Question 27

What is the CBT formulation diagram for PTSD?

Answer 27

Memory - feeling of threat - unhelpful short term thoughts - unhelpful behaviours - unhelpful long term thoughts - failure to update

Question 28

CBT therapy structure for PTSD - session 1:

Answer 28

Set goals / psychoeductaion / formulation / rationale for re-living

Question 29

CBT therapy structure for PTSD - session 2:

Answer 29

Re-living / identify hotspots / cognitive restructuring

Question 30

CBT therapy structure for PTSD - sessions 3-4:

Answer 30

Re-living / updating

Question 31

CBT therapy structure for PTSD - sessions 5-12:

Answer 31

Re-living / sit visit / stimulus discrimination / addressing emotions

Question 32

CBT therapy structure for PTSD - session 12:

Answer 32

Therapy blue print and relapse prevention

Question 33

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 33

Comparing what we thought then with what we know now

Question 34

How are trauma memories updated via imaginal?

Answer 34

Relive the event in full detail with eyes closed / speak in the present tense / identify hotspots / discover what actually happened in a safe space

Question 35

How are trauma memories updated via in vivo?

Answer 35

Revisiting the trauma site / behavioural experiments with now safe stimuli

Question 36

How can hotspots be identified?

Answer 36

Find out what was the worst moment / what it meant in the moment / what you now know

Question 37

What are maintaining factors in PTSD?

Answer 37

Rumination / avoidance / safety behaviours / numbing / misinterpretations / thought suppression

Question 38

How does EMDR work?

Answer 38

Eye movements are desensitising / recall the traumatic event whilst following a therapists finger with your eyes / bilateral stimulation

Question 39

What are the stages of EMDR treatment?

Answer 39

History and planning / preparation / assessment / desensitisation via bilateral eye movements / installation / body scan / closure / re-evaluation