trauma-head, neck, spine, ortho

Question 1

o Signs/Symptoms: Headache, confusion, dizziness, nausea.
o Pathophysiology: Brain injury caused by a blow or jolt to the head, leading to temporary loss of normal brain function.

Answer 1

Concussion

Question 2

o Signs/Symptoms: Visible deformity, bruising around eyes or ears, clear fluid from nose or ears.
o Pathophysiology: Break in the skull bone, often due to a significant impact.

Answer 2

Skull Fracture

Question 3

o Signs/Symptoms: Severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness.
o Pathophysiology: Bleeding within the skull, increasing intracranial pressure.

Answer 3

Intracranial Hemorrhage

Question 4

o Signs/Symptoms: Loss of consciousness, persistent vegetative state.
o Pathophysiology: Shearing forces cause widespread damage to brain axons.

Answer 4

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Question 5

o Signs/Symptoms: Brief loss of consciousness, followed by a lucid interval, then rapid deterioration.
o Pathophysiology: Bleeding between the dura mater and the skull, often from a torn artery.

Answer 5

Epidural Hematoma

Question 6

o Signs/Symptoms: Gradual onset of headache, confusion, drowsiness.
o Pathophysiology: Bleeding between the dura mater and the brain, usually from veins.

Answer 6

Subdural Hematoma

Question 7

o Signs/Symptoms: Confusion, agitation, focal neurological deficits.
o Pathophysiology: Bruising of brain tissue, often from direct impact.

Answer 7

Cerebral Contusion

Question 8

o Signs/Symptoms: Visible wound, bleeding, neurological deficits.
o Pathophysiology: Object penetrates the skull and brain, causing direct damage.

Answer 8

Penetrating Head Injury

Question 9

o Signs/Symptoms: Rapid deterioration after a second head injury.
o Pathophysiology: Brain swelling and herniation after a second concussion before the first has healed

Answer 9

Second Impact Syndrome

Question 10

o Signs/Symptoms: Raccoon eyes, Battle’s sign, CSF leak.
o Pathophysiology: Fracture at the base of the skull, often involving the temporal bone.

Answer 10

Basilar Skull Fracture

Question 11

o Signs/Symptoms: Neck pain, limited range of motion, neurological deficits.
o Pathophysiology: Break in one or more of the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 11

Cervical Fracture

Question 12

o Signs/Symptoms: Neck pain, stiffness, headaches.
o Pathophysiology: Hyperextension and hyperflexion of the neck, causing soft tissue injury.

Answer 12

Whiplash

Question 13

o Signs/Symptoms: Severe neck pain, deformity, neurological deficits.
o Pathophysiology: Displacement of cervical vertebrae, often from trauma.

Answer 13

Cervical Dislocation

Question 14

o Signs/Symptoms: Paralysis, loss of sensation, respiratory difficulty.
o Pathophysiology: Damage to the spinal cord, affecting motor and sensory function

Answer 14

Spinal Cord Injury

Question 15

o Signs/Symptoms: Hoarseness, difficulty breathing, neck swelling.
o Pathophysiology: Break in the larynx, often from direct trauma.

Answer 15

Laryngeal Fracture

Question 16

o Signs/Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, subcutaneous emphysema, coughing up blood.
o Pathophysiology: Damage to the trachea, often from blunt or penetrating trauma.

Answer 16

Tracheal Injury

Question 17

o Signs/Symptoms: Painful swallowing, neck pain, subcutaneous emphysema.
o Pathophysiology: Tear or rupture of the esophagus, often from trauma or forceful vomiting.

Answer 17

Esophageal Injury

Question 18

o Signs/Symptoms: Neck pain, headache, stroke symptoms.
o Pathophysiology: Tear in the carotid artery wall, leading to blood flow disruption.

Answer 18

Carotid Artery Dissection

Question 19

o Signs/Symptoms: Severe bleeding, swelling, bruising.
o Pathophysiology: Damage to the jugular vein, often from penetrating trauma.

Answer 19

Jugular Vein Injury

Question 20

o Signs/Symptoms: Hoarseness, difficulty breathing, neck pain.
o Pathophysiology: Break in the thyroid cartilage, often from direct trauma.

Answer 20

Thyroid Cartilage Fracture

Question 21

o Signs/Symptoms: Back pain, deformity, neurological deficits.
o Pathophysiology: Break in one or more vertebrae, often from trauma.

Answer 21

Spinal Fracture

Question 22

o Signs/Symptoms: Back pain, radiating leg pain, numbness.
o Pathophysiology: Displacement of disc material, compressing spinal nerves.

Answer 22

Herniated Disc

Question 23

o Signs/Symptoms: Back pain, leg pain, weakness.
o Pathophysiology: Narrowing of the spinal canal, compressing the spinal cord or nerves.

Answer 23

Spinal Stenosis

Question 24

o Signs/Symptoms: Back pain, leg pain, stiffness.
o Pathophysiology: Forward displacement of a vertebra, often from trauma or degeneration.

Answer 24

Spondylolisthesis

Question 25

o Signs/Symptoms: Severe back pain, bowel/bladder dysfunction, leg weakness. o Pathophysiology: Compression of the cauda equina nerves, often from a herniated disc.

Answer 25

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Question 26

o Signs/Symptoms: Paralysis, loss of sensation, pain. o Pathophysiology: Bruising of the spinal cord, often from trauma.

Answer 26

Spinal Cord Contusion

Question 27

o Signs/Symptoms: Complete paralysis, loss of sensation below injury. o Pathophysiology: Complete severing of the spinal cord, often from severe trauma.

Answer 27

Spinal Cord Transection

Question 28

o Signs/Symptoms: Back pain, neurological deficits, paralysis. o Pathophysiology: Bleeding in the epidural space, compressing the spinal cord.

Answer 28

Spinal Epidural Hematoma

Question 29

o Signs/Symptoms: Back pain, fever, neurological deficits. o Pathophysiology: Infection in the spinal epidural space, causing compression.

Answer 29

Spinal Abscess

Question 30

o Signs/Symptoms: Back pain, neurological deficits, weight loss. o Pathophysiology: Abnormal growth in or around the spinal cord, compressing nerves.

Answer 30

Spinal Tumor

Question 31

o Signs/Symptoms: Pain, swelling, deformity. o Pathophysiology: Break in the bone, often from trauma.

Answer 31

Fracture

Question 32

o Signs/Symptoms: Pain, deformity, inability to move joint. o Pathophysiology: Displacement of a bone from its joint, often from trauma.

Answer 32

Dislocation

Question 33

o Signs/Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruising. o Pathophysiology: Stretching or tearing of ligaments, often from a sudden twist.

Answer 33

Sprain

Question 34

o Signs/Symptoms: Pain, muscle spasm, weakness. o Pathophysiology: Stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons, often from overuse.

Answer 34

Strain

Question 35

o Signs/Symptoms: Sudden pain, loss of function, swelling. o Pathophysiology: Complete tear of a tendon, often from trauma or overuse

Answer 35

Tendon Rupture

Question 36

o Signs/Symptoms: Severe pain, swelling, numbness. o Pathophysiology: Increased pressure within a muscle compartment, reducing blood flow.

Answer 36

Compartment Syndrome

Question 37

o Signs/Symptoms: Visible bone, bleeding, pain. o Pathophysiology: Break in the bone with an open wound, often from trauma.

Answer 37

Open Fracture

Question 38

o Signs/Symptoms: Pelvic pain, inability to walk, bleeding. o Pathophysiology: Break in the pelvic bones, often from high-energy trauma.

Answer 38

Pelvic Fracture

Question 39

o Signs/Symptoms: Shoulder pain, deformity, difficulty moving arm. o Pathophysiology: Break in the clavicle, often from a fall or direct impact.

Answer 39

Clavicle Fracture

Question 40

o Signs/Symptoms: Thigh pain, inability to bear weight, deformity.

Answer 40

Femur fracture